[Quality of artificial nutritional support in an intensive care unit]. / Calidad del soporte nutricional artificial en una unidad de cuidados intensivos.

OBJECTIVES: To assess what are the reasons for discrepancies between the amount of nutrients delivered, prescribed and theoretical requirements, in an intensive care unit. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study over a 5 months period. SETTING: Intensive Care Unit of the Insular University Hospital in Gran Canaria. PATIENTS: Adult patients who were prescribed enteral and or parenteral nutrition for > or = 2 days and we followed them for the first 14 days of nutrition delivery. INTERVENTION: The prescribed and the delivered calories were calculated every day, whereas the theoretical requeriments were calculated after the ICU stay, by using the Harris-Benedict formula adjusted with a stress factor. Also the reason for cessation of enteral tube feeding > 1 hour in the days of artificial nutrition were analyzed. RESULTS: Fifty-nine consecutive patients, receiving nutritional support either enterally or intravenously, and 465 nutrition days analyzed. Nutrition was initiated within 48 hours after ICU admission. Enteral nutrition was the preferential route used. Seventy-nine percent of the mean caloric amount required was prescribed, and 66% was effectively delivered; also 88% of the amount prescribed was delivered. The low ratio of delivered-prescribed calories concerned principally enteral nutrition and was caused by gastrointestinal intolerance. We observe a wide variation in practice patterns among physicians to start, increase, reduce or stop enteral nutrition when symptoms of intolerance appear. CONCLUSIONS: In our ICU exists an important difference between the caloric theoretical requests and the quantity really delivered; this deficit is more clear in the enteral nutrition. The knowledge of this situation allows to take measures directed to optimizing the nutritional support of our patients. Possibly the motivation in the medical and nursery personnel in carrying out nutritional protocols it might be the most effective measurement, which it would be necessary to confirm in later studies.

Calidad del soporte nutricional artificial en una unidad de cuidados intensivos / Quality of artificial nutritional support in an intensive care unit

Objetivo: Evaluar cuáles son los factores que influyeron en las diferencias entre la cantidad de nutrientes administrados, pautados y teóricamente requeridos en una unidad de cuidados intensivos. Diseño: Estudio prospectivo de cohortes durante un período de 5 meses. Ámbito: UCI polivalente del Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria. Pacientes: Pacientes adultos a quienes se les prescribía nutrición enteral y/o parenteral durante ≥ 2 días, siguiéndolos durante los primeros 14 días. Intervención: Se calcularon diariamente las calorías pautadas y las administradas, mientras que los requerimientos calóricos teóricos se calcularon tras el alta de la Unidad, según la ecuación de Harris-Benedict a la que se le aplicaba un factor de estrés. Asimismo se recogieron las causas por las que se interrumpió la dieta durante más de 1 hora en los días de nutrición artificial analizados. Resultados: Se incluyeron 59 pacientes consecutivos que recibían soporte nutricional enteral (NET) y/o parenteral (NPT), lo que suponía un total de 465 días de nutrición. La nutrición artificial se inició en las primeras 48 horas del ingreso. La Nutrición Enteral fue la vía de administración más utilizada. De las calorías teóricamente requeridas se pautaron el 79% y se administraron el 66%; asimismo se administraron el 88% de las pautadas. El bajo ratio de calorías administradas-pautadas afectaban principalmente y de manera significativa a la Nutrición Enteral, debido principalmente a intolerancia gastrointestinal. Observamos una variablidad importante entre los miembros del staff en cuanto a tomar la decisión de comenzar, suspender, reiniciar o reducir la NET cuando aparecen síntomas de intolerancia. Conclusiones: En nuestra Unidad existe una diferencia importante entre los requerimientos calóricos teóricos y la cantidad efectivamente administrada; este déficit es más manifiesto en la nutrición enteral. El conocimiento de esta situación permite tomar medidas encaminadas a optimizar el soporte nutricional de nuestros pacientes. Posiblemente la motivación en el personal médico y de enfermería en llevar a cabo protocolos de nutrición que se establezcan podría ser la medida más efectiva, lo que habría que confirmar en estudios posteriores (AU)

Objectives: To assess what are the reasons for discrepancies between the amount of nutrients delivered, prescribed and theoretical requirements, in an intensive care unit. Design: Prospective cohort study over a 5 months period. Setting: Intensive Care Unit of the Insular University Hospital in Gran Canaria. Patients: Adult patients who were prescribed enteral and or parenteral nutrition for ≥ 2 days and we followed them for the first 14 days of nutrition delivery. Intervention: The prescribed and the delivered calories were calculated every day, whereas the theoretical requeriments were calculated after the ICU stay, by using the Harris-Benedict formula adjusted with a stress factor. Also the reason for cessation of enteral tube feeding> 1 hour in the days of artificial nutrition were analyzed. Results: Fifty-nine consecutive patients, receiving nutritional support either enterally or intravenously, and 465 nutrition days analyzed. Nutrition was initiated within 48 hours after ICU admission. Enteral nutrition was the preferential route used. Seventy-nine percent of the mean caloric amount required was prescribed, and 66% was effectively delivered; also 88% of the amount prescribed was delivered. The low ratio of delivered-prescribed calories concerned principally enteral nutrition and was caused by gastrointestinal intolerance. We observe a wide variation in practice patterns among physicians to start, increase, reduce or stop enteral nutrition when symptoms of intolerance appear. Conclusions: In our ICU exists an important difference between the caloric theoretical requests and the quantity really delivered; this deficit is more clear in the enteral nutrition. The knowledge of this situation allows to take measures directed to optimizing the nutritional support of our patients. Possibly the motivation in the medical and nursery personnel in carrying out nutritional protocols it might be the most effective measurement, which it would be necessary to confirm in later studies (AU)

[Acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation during pregnancy. A case report]. / Síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del ST durante el embarazo. A propósito de un caso.

Ischemic heart disease in the young woman is rare, and even more so in the pregnant woman, but it is reasonable to expect an increase with the increasing average age of children bearing. The etiology of acute coronary syndrome during pregnancy can be divided into two main groups: atherosclerotic mechanisms, more common in older mothers, and non-atherosclerotic mechanisms like dissection, coronary spasm and thrombosis. Management of these patients remains difficult; the treatment should follow the usual principles of care for acute coronary syndrome but taking in account that many standard treatments, such the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, are contraindicated. There is also little experience with many of the newer treatments such as clopidogrel and IIb/IIIa glycoprotein inhibitors or percutaneous coronary intervention. We describe a case of a 38-week pregnant woman who suffered an acute myocardial infarction without ST segment elevation and review the literature.

Síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del ST durante el embarazo. A propósito de un caso / Acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation during pregnancy. A case report

La enfermedad isquémica en la mujer joven es rara, y es más infrecuente aún en la embarazada, aunque es razonable esperar un aumento de su incidencia ya que la edad de las gestantes aumenta. La etiología del síndrome coronario agudo durante el embarazo se divide en dos grupos: ateroesclerótica, más común en aquellas mujeres de mayor edad, y no ateroesclerótica como la disección, espasmo o trombosis coronaria. El manejo de estas pacientes continúa siendo complejo; deben utilizarse los mismos principios que en la población general, teniendo en cuenta que muchos de los tratamientos utilizados habitualmente como los inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina están contraindicados en la embarazada y que existe poca experiencia con tratamientos más recientes como el clopidogrel, los inhibidores de la glucoproteína IIb/IIIa o la revascularización percutánea. Presentamos un caso de síndrome coronario agudo en una gestante de 38 semanas, y revisaremos la literatura más reciente

Ischemic heart disease in the young woman is rare, and even more so in the pregnant woman, but it is reasonable to expect an increase with the increasing average age of children bearing. The etiology of acute coronary syndrome during pregnancy can be divided into two main groups: atherosclerotic mechanisms, more common in older mothers, and non-atherosclerotic mechanisms like dissection, coronary spasm and thrombosis. Management of these patients remains difficult; the treatment should follow the usual principles of care for acute coronary syndrome but taking in account that many standard treatments, such the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, are contraindicated. There is also little experience with many of the newer treatments such as clopidogrel and IIb/IIIa glycoprotein inhibitors or percutaneous coronary intervention. We describe a case of a 38-week pregnant woman who suffered an acute myocardial infarction without ST segment elevation and review the literature

Fallo multiorgánico secundario a hígado graso agudo del embarazo / Multi-organ failure secondary to acute fatty liver of pregnancy

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Coma metabólico en paciente con polidipsia psicógena / Metabolic coma in a patient with psychogenic polydipsia

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