Using extended pedigrees to identify novel autism spectrum disorder (ASD) candidate genes.

Copy number variation has emerged as an important cause of phenotypic variation, particularly in relation to some complex disorders. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one such disorder, in which evidence is emerging for an etiological role for some rare penetrant de novo and rare inherited copy number variants (CNVs). De novo variation, however, does not always explain the familial nature of ASD, leaving a gap in our knowledge concerning the heritable genetic causes of this disorder. Extended pedigrees, in which several members have ASD, provide an opportunity to investigate inherited genetic risk factors. In this current study, we recruited 19 extended ASD pedigrees, and, using the Illumina HumanOmni2.5 BeadChip, conducted genome-wide CNV interrogation. We found no definitive evidence of an etiological role for segregating CNVs in these pedigrees, and no evidence that linkage signals in these pedigrees are explained by segregating CNVs. However, a small number of putative de novo variants were transmitted from BAP parents to their ASD offspring, and evidence emerged for a rare duplication CNV at 11p13.3 harboring two putative 'developmental/neuropsychiatric' susceptibility gene(s), GSTP1 and NDUFV1.

A molecular genetic study of autism and related phenotypes in extended pedigrees.

BACKGROUND: Efforts to uncover the risk genotypes associated with the familial nature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have had limited success. The study of extended pedigrees, incorporating additional ASD-related phenotypes into linkage analysis, offers an alternative approach to the search for inherited ASD susceptibility variants that complements traditional methods used to study the genetics of ASD. METHODS: We examined evidence for linkage in 19 extended pedigrees ascertained through ASD cases spread across at least two (and in most cases three) nuclear families. Both compound phenotypes (i.e., ASD and, in non-ASD individuals, the broad autism phenotype) and more narrowly defined components of these phenotypes, e.g., social and repetitive behavior, pragmatic language, and anxiety, were examined. The overarching goal was to maximize the aggregate information available on the maximum number of individuals and to disaggregate syndromic phenotypes in order to examine the genetic underpinnings of more narrowly defined aspects of ASD behavior. RESULTS: Results reveal substantial between-family locus heterogeneity and support the importance of previously reported ASD loci in inherited, familial, forms of ASD. Additional loci, not seen in the ASD analyses, show evidence for linkage to the broad autism phenotype (BAP). BAP peaks are well supported by multiple subphenotypes (including anxiety, pragmatic language, and social behavior) showing linkage to regions overlapping with the compound BAP phenotype. Whereas 'repetitive behavior', showing the strongest evidence for linkage (Posterior Probability of Linkage = 62% at 6p25.2-24.3, and 69% at 19p13.3), appears to be linked to novel regions not detected with other compound or narrow phenotypes examined in this study. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide support for the presence of key features underlying the complexity of the genetic architecture of ASD: substantial between-family locus heterogeneity, that the BAP appears to correspond to sets of subclinical features segregating with ASD within pedigrees, and that different features of the ASD phenotype segregate independently of one another. These findings support the additional study of larger, even more individually informative pedigrees, together with measurement of multiple, behavioral- and biomarker-based phenotypes, in both affected and non-affected individuals, to elucidate the complex genetics of familial ASD.