Biotransformation of Raw Mango Seed Waste into Bacterial Hydrolytic Enzymes Enhancement Via Solid State Fermentation Strategy.

Solid waste generation is a huge contributor to environmental pollution issues, and food wastes are prominent in this category due to their large generation on a day-to-day basis. Thus, the settlement of daily food waste is one of the major constraints and needs innovative manufacturing sheme to valorize solid waste in sustainable manner. Moreover, these food wastes are rich in organic content, which has promising scope for their value-added products. In the present study, raw mango seed waste has been biotransformed to produce bacterial hydrolytic enzymes as feedstock. On investigating the impact of substrate, the highest bacterial cellulase production was recorded to be 18 IU/gds FP (filter paper) in 24 h of microbial incubation at 5 g of substrate in solid-state fermentation (SSF). Furthermore, at 40 °C and pH 6.0, 23 IU/gds FP enzyme could be produced in 24 h of SSF. Beside this, on comparing the influence of inorganic and organic nitrogen sources, urea has been found to provide better cellulase production, which yielded 28 IU/gds FP in 24 h of incubation, along with 77 IU/gds BG (ß-glucosidase) and 89 IU/gds EG (endoglucanase). On the other hand, Tween-40 and Tween-80, two different surfactants, were employed at a 1.0% concentration for 24 h of incubation. It was noticed that Tween-80 showed complete enzyme activity at 24 h, which was found to be relatively superior to that of Tween-40. This study may have potential utility in enzyme production using mango seed as a food waste for various industrial applications.

Enhancement in Bacterial Cellulolytic Enzyme Production Using Acid-Pretreated Banana Peel Waste: A Comparative Evaluation.

Banana peel waste is one of the major contributors in the issue raised from solid waste, however, it can be valorized effectively due to high content of cellulose and hemicellulose. Significant conversion of banana waste includes cellulolytic enzymes and bioenergy production. In the present study, bacterial cellulase was produced using raw banana peel and ripe banana peel under SSF. Additionally, impact of acid pretreatment was investigated as one of strategy to improve cellulolytic enzyme production. A comparative evaluation of raw and ripe banana peels showed that ripe banana peels showed better enzyme production after pretreatment with 0.5% dilute HCl acid. In the series of enhancement of the enzyme production, temperature and pH of the SSF medium were also investigated, and found temperature 35 °C and pH 6.0 were optimum to produce maximum 3.5-U/ml FPA, 39-U/ml BGL, and 54-U/ml EG in 18-h SSF incubation. The study presented eco-friendly waste management to produce industrial enzyme for its promising application in waste valorization and biorefinery area.

Production Enhancement of Bacterial Cellulase Cocktail Using Potato Peels Waste Feedstock and Combination of Water Hyacinth Root and Pea Pod Extract as Natural Nutrient Media: Application in Bioconversion of Potato Peels.

Solid wastes are the major contributors in global environmental pollution and their management is the need of urgency towards development of sustainable world. In the present work, solid waste of potato peels has been used as feedstock for fermentation of bacterial cellulase production and substrate for enzymatic hydrolysis via this enzymes cocktail. Additionally, liquid extracts of pea pod and root of water hyacinth wastes have been used to complete nutritional requirements and moisture balance in SSF process during the course of enzyme production. At optimum feedstock concentration of 6.0 g PPW and 10:40 extract-based moisture ratio of WHR and Ppw, Bacillus sp. produced 15 U/gds FP in 18 h, whereas maximum 36 U/gds BGL and 42 U/gds EG have been recorded in 24 h of SSF. Temperature 35 °C and pH 5.5 were optimum for enzyme production while the produced enzyme was thermally stable upto 30 h at 35 °C with 100% pH stability upto 14 h and 77% relative activity at 34 h. The optimized bacterial enzymes have been used for bioconversion of PPW biomass and 26 g/L glucose has been recorded at a hydrolytic temperature of 50 °C and pH 5.0. The study may have feasible promising scope in cellulosic biorefineries and waste management.

Microbiome systems biology advancements for natural well-being.

Throughout the years all data from epidemiological, physiological and omics have suggested that the microbial communities play a considerable role in modulating human health. The population of microorganisms residing in the human intestine collectively known as microbiota presents a genetic repertoire that is higher in magnitude than the human genome. They play an essential role in host immunity and neuronal signaling. Rapid enhancement of sequence based screening and development of humanized gnotobiotic model has sparked a great deal of interest among scientists to probe the dynamic interactions of the commensal bacteria. This review focuses on systemic analysis of the gut microbiome to decipher the complexity of the host-microbe intercommunication and gives a special emphasis on the evolution of targeted precision medicine through microbiome engineering. In addition, we have also provided a comprehensive description of how interconnection between metabolism and biochemical reactions in a specific organism can be obtained from a metabolic network or a flux balance analysis and combining multiple datasets helps in the identification of a particular metabolite. The review highlights how genetic modification of the critical components and programming the resident microflora can be employed for targeted precision medicine. Inspite of the ongoing debate on the utility of gut microbiome we have explored on the probable new therapeutic avenues like FMT (Fecal microbiota transplant) can be utilized. This review also recapitulates integrating human-relevant 3D cellular models coupled with computational models and the metadata obtained from interventional and epidemiological studies may decipher the complex interactome of diet-microbiota-disease pathophysiology. In addition, it will also open new avenues for the development of therapeutics derived from microbiome or implementation of personalized nutrition. In addition, the identification of biomarkers can also help towards the development of new diagnostic tools and eventually will lead to strategic management of the disease. Inspite of the ongoing debate on the utility of the gut microbiome we have explored how probable new therapeutic avenues like FMT (Fecal microbiota transplant) can be utilized. This review also summarises integrating human-relevant 3D cellular models coupled with computational models and the metadata obtained from interventional and epidemiological studies may decipher the complex interactome of diet- microbiota-disease pathophysiology. In addition, it will also open new avenues for the development of therapeutics derived from the microbiome or implementation of personalized nutrition. In addition, the identification of biomarkers can also help towards the development of new diagnostic tools and eventually will lead to strategic management of disease.

Engineered microbial host selection for value-added bioproducts from lignocellulose.

Lignocellulose is a rich and sustainable globally available carbon source and is considered a prominent alternative raw material for producing biofuels and valuable chemical compounds. Enzymatic hydrolysis is one of the crucial steps of lignocellulose degradation. Cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzyme mixes produced by different microorganisms including filamentous fungi, yeasts and bacteria, are used to degrade the biomass to liberate monosaccharides and other compounds for fermentation or conversion to value-added products. During biomass pretreatment and degradation, toxic compounds are produced, and undesirable carbon catabolic repression (CCR) can occur. In order to solve this problem, microbial metabolic pathways and transcription factors involved have been investigated along with the application of protein engineering to optimize the biorefinery platform. Engineered Microorganisms have been used to produce specific enzymes to breakdown biomass polymers and metabolize sugars to produce ethanol as well other biochemical compounds. Protein engineering strategies have been used for modifying lignocellulolytic enzymes to overcome enzymatic limitations and improving both their production and functionality. Furthermore, promoters and transcription factors, which are key proteins in this process, are modified to promote microbial gene expression that allows a maximum performance of the hydrolytic enzymes for lignocellulosic degradation. The present review will present a critical discussion and highlight the aspects of the use of microorganisms to convert lignocellulose into value-added bioproduct as well combat the bottlenecks to make the biorefinery platform from lignocellulose attractive to the market.

Production of a recombinant swollenin from Trichoderma harzianum in Escherichia coli and its potential synergistic role in biomass degradation.

BACKGROUND: Fungal swollenins (SWOs) constitute a class of accessory proteins that are homologous to canonical plant expansins. Expansins and expansin-related proteins are well known for acting in the deagglomeration of cellulose structure by loosening macrofibrils. Consequently, SWOs can increase the accessibility and efficiency of the other enzymes involved in the saccharification of cellulosic substrates. Thus, SWOs are promising targets for improving the hydrolysis of plant biomass and for use as an additive to enhance the efficiency of an enzyme cocktail designed for the production of biofuels. RESULTS: Here, we report the initial characterization of an SWO from Trichoderma harzianum (ThSwo) that was successfully produced using Escherichia coli as a host. Initially, transcriptome and secretome data were used to compare swo gene expression and the amount of secreted ThSwo. The results from structural modeling and phylogenetic analysis of the ThSwo protein showed that ThSwo does preserve some structural features of the plant expansins and family-45 glycosyl hydrolase enzymes, but it evolutionarily diverges from both of these protein classes. Recombinant ThSwo was purified at a high yield and with high purity and showed secondary folding similar to that of a native fungal SWO. Bioactivity assays revealed that the purified recombinant ThSwo created a rough and amorphous surface on Avicel and displayed a high synergistic effect with a commercial xylanase from T. viride, enhancing its hydrolytic performance up to 147 ± 7%. CONCLUSIONS: Many aspects of the structure and mechanism of action of fungal SWOs remain unknown. In the present study, we produced a recombinant, active SWO from T. harzianum using a prokaryotic host and confirmed its potential synergistic role in biomass degradation. Our work paves the way for further studies evaluating the structure and function of this protein, especially regarding its use in biotechnology.

Bioremediation for Fueling the Biobased Economy.

Increasing CO2 emission, land degradation, and pollution are major environmental challenges that need urgent global attention. Remediation strategies are essential for tackling these issues concurrently. Here we propose integrating bioremediation with CO2 sequestration for revitalizing polluted land while deriving bioproducts from renewable and waste biomass for fueling a sustainable bioeconomy.

Identification and characterization of Fusarium mangiferae as pathogen of mango malformation in India

ABSTRACT Fusarium mangiferae (=F. subglutinans) isolates collect from malformed samples from major mango-growing area of North India. Molecular identification and characterization of eleven most virulent isolates of F. mangiferae, based on pathogenicity tests used for the present study. Species-specific, genus specific ITS-PCR and PCR-RFLP performed for the accurate and easy detection of F. mangiferae. The rDNA-ITS 28S region sequences used for phylogenetic analysis of Fusarium isolates from India and other countries for homology search between them. The phylogenetic tree divided the isolates into three clades (i.e., American, Asian and African) and showed the high level of sequence based similarity (69-99%) among all Fusarium sequences from Asia. Thus, claimed Fusarium mangiferae as dominant pathogen of mango malformation. Furthermore, we conclude that exploiting the nested PCR coupled with PCR-RFLP will help in rapid and accurate detection of F. mangiferae pathogen of mango malformation.

Use of a mannitol rich ensiled grass press juice (EGPJ) as a sole carbon source for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production through high cell density cultivation.

This study demonstrates the use of a mannitol rich ensiled grass press juice (EGPJ) as a renewable carbon substrate for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production in shaking flask experiments and fed-batch stirred tank reactor cultivations. Fed-batch cultivations of Burkholderia sacchari IPT101 using EGPJ as sole carbon source produced 44.5 g/L CDW containing 33% polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) in 36 h, while Pseudomonas chlororaphis IMD555 produced a CDW of 37 g/L containing 10% of medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA) in 34 h. PHB and mcl-PHA extracted from B. sacchari IPT101 and P. chlororaphis IMD555, grown on EGPJ, had a molecular weight of 548 kg/mol and 115.4 kg/mol, respectively. While mcl-PHA can be produced from EGPJ, PHB production is more interesting as there is a 4-fold higher volumetric productivity compared to mcl-PHA.

Conversion of grass biomass into fermentable sugars and its utilization for medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate (mcl-PHA) production by Pseudomonas strains.

This study investigated the potential of grass biomass as a feedstock for mcl-PHA production. Pretreatments (2% NaOH at 120°C or hot water at 120°C) of perennial ryegrass were employed alone or in combination with sodium chlorite/acetic acid (SC/AA) delignification to evaluate the enzymatic digestibility and subsequent utilization of resultant sugars by Pseudomonas strains. NaOH pretreated sample had better digestibility than raw and hot water treated samples and this hydrolysate supported good growth of all tested strains with limited mcl-PHA (6-17% of cell dry mass (CDM)) accumulation. Digestibility of both untreated and pretreated samples was improved after SC/AA delignification and produced glucose (74-77%) rich hydrolysates. Tested strains accumulated 20-34% of CDM as PHA when these hydrolysates were used as sole carbon and energy source. CDM and PHA yields obtained for these strains when tested with laboratory grade sugars was similar to that achieved with grass derived sugars.