Mercury in feathers from Chilean birds: influence of location, feeding strategy, and taxonomic affiliation.

This study reports baseline concentrations of mercury (Hg) in feathers from different species of birds sampled at various locations off the Chilean coast (Southeastern Pacific). Hg concentrations were evaluated in relation to geographic location, taxonomic affiliation, and feeding strategies. Between January and March of 1995, we collected mature contour feathers from 116 birds belonging to 22 species, mostly seabirds. Birds were collected from 10 different locations (26 degrees 09'S, 70 degrees 40'W to 54 degrees 56'S, 67 degrees 37'W). Feather Hg concentrations ranged from 0.11 to 13 microg g(-1) dry weight. We found differences in feather Hg concentrations across taxonomic groups, with highest concentrations in petrels, shearwaters, and albatrosses (Procellaridae), followed by boobies (Sulidae), gulls, terns, skuas (Laridae) and cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae). Ibises and oystercatchers (Threskiornithidae and Charadriidae) had intermediate values, whereas ducks and geese (Anatidae) contained the least amount of Hg. Oceanic species preying on mesopelagic fish (the Procellariformes albatrosses, petrels, and fulmars) had over twice as much Hg (overall average of 3.9 microg g(-1)) when compared to the rest of the species sampled (overall average of 1.5 microg g(-1)). We did not find higher Hg concentrations in birds inhabiting the more heavily industrialized and urbanized areas of the country (central and northern regions), but in birds inhabiting the remote Juan Fernandez Archipelago. This is not surprising, since all the Procellariformes (the group with highest Hg values in this study) were collected from these islands. Except for Hg in Kermadec petrels (mean of 12 microg g(-1)), the range of Hg values reported here (0.11-7.3 microg g(-1)) fell below those known to cause adverse health and reproductive effects in birds.

New records of feather lice from some seabirds in Chile.

Six species of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae, Philopteridae) are reported from four species of seabirds collected off the coast of Chile. They are Eidmanniella pellucida, Piagetiella transitans, and Piagetiella caputincisa, from a Guanay cormorant (Phalacrocorax bougainvillii); Harrisoniella ferox collected from a black-browed albatross (Diomedea melanophrys); Ancistrona vagelli from a white-necked petrel (Pterodroma externa); and Pelmatocerandra flinti collected from a Magellan diving petrel (Pelecanoides magellani). Eidmanniella pellucida and P. transitans are reported from Chile for the first time. Piagetiella caputincisa from the Guanay cormorant may be a contaminant from a red-legged shag (Phalacrocorax gaimardi).

Immobilization of Juan Fernandez fur seals, Arctocephalus philippii, with ketamine hydrochloride and diazepam.

During November and December of 1988, 1990, and 1991, a total of 22 free-ranging Juan Fernández fur seal (Arctocephalus philippii) females from Alejandro Selkirk Island, Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile, were immobilized with a combination of ketamine and diazepam. Atropine sulphate was used to decrease respiratory secretions. The mean (+/- SD) induction dosages of ketamine and diazepam were 3.64 +/- 1.3 mg/kg and 0.12 +/- 0.07 mg/kg, respectively. Mean (+/- SD) induction time and time to recovery for females injected intramuscularly (IM) (15 +/- 7 min and 47 +/- 16 min) were significantly greater than for females injected intravenously (IV) (0.6 +/- 0.4 min and 26 +/- 11 min). Mean (+/- SD) heart rates and core temperatures were significantly higher for females injected IV (173 +/- 15.71 beats/min and 37.6 +/- 0.83 C) than for females injected IM (135 +/- 27.06 beats/min and 36.5 +/- 1.15 C). In addition, the IV route resulted in better levels of immobilization compared to the IM route. The degree of immobilization was not related to the dosages of ketamine and diazepam administered. Two animals died after drug administration.