Processable conducting graphene/chitosan hydrogels for tissue engineering.

Composites of graphene in a chitosan-lactic acid matrix were prepared to create conductive hydrogels that are processable, exhibit tunable swelling properties and show excellent biocompatibility. The addition of graphene to the polymer matrix also resulted in significant improvements to the mechanical strength of the hydrogels, with the addition of just 3 wt% graphene resulting in tensile strengths increasing by over 200%. The composites could be easily processed into three-dimensional scaffolds with finely controlled dimensions using additive fabrication techniques and fibroblast cells demonstrate good adhesion and growth on their surfaces. These chitosan-graphene composites show great promise for use as conducting substrates for the growth of electro-responsive cells in tissue engineering.

Creating conductive structures for cell growth: growth and alignment of myogenic cell types on polythiophenes.

Conducting polymers provide suitable substrates for the in vitro study of excitable cells, including skeletal muscle cells, due to their inherent conductivity and electroactivity. The thiophene family of conducting polymers offers unique flexibility for tailoring of polymer properties as a result of the ease of functionalization of the parent monomer. This article describes the preparation of films and electrospun fibers from an ester-functionalized organic solvent-soluble polythiophene (poly-octanoic acid 2-thiophen-3-yl-ethyl ester) and details the changes in properties that result from post-polymerization hydrolysis of the ester linkage. The polymer films supported the proliferation and differentiation of both primary and transformed skeletal muscle myoblasts. In addition, aligned electrospun fibers formed from the polymers provided scaffolds for the guided differentiation of linearly aligned primary myotubes, suggesting their suitability as three-dimensional substrates for the in vitro engineering of skeletal muscle tissue.