Review of technology and materials for the development of cultured meat.

Cultured meat production technology suggested that can solve the problems of traditional meat production such as inadequate breeding environment, wastewater, methane gas generation, and animal ethics issues. Complementing cultured meat production methods, sales and safety concerns will make the use of cultured meat technology easier. This review contextualizes the commercialization status of cultured meat and the latest technologies and challenges associated with its production. Investigation was conducted on materials and basic cell culture technique for cultured meat culture is presented. The development of optimal cultured meat technology through these studies will be an innovative leap in food technology. The process of obtaining cells from animal muscle, culturing cells, and growing cells into meat are the basic processes of cultured meat production. The substances needed to production of cultured meat were antibiotics, digestive enzymes, basal media, serum or growth factors. Although muscle cells have been produced closer to meat due to the application of scaffolds materials and 3 D printing technology, still a limit to reducing production costs enough to be used as foods. In addition, developing edible materials is also a challenge because the materials used to produce cultured meat are still not suitable for food sources.

Low working memory capacity in euthymic bipolar I disorder: No relation to reappraisal on emotion regulation.

BACKGROUND: Emotion regulation (ER) applies behavioral and cognitive strategies to modify the appearance and intensity of emotions. Working memory capacity (WMC) plays an important role in the ER process, particularly through its influence on the efficiency of ER strategies. METHODS: We investigated interactions between WMC and three ER strategies, namely cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, and rumination, in 43 euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder and 48 healthy control subjects. We used the Korean versions of the Operation Span Task, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Ruminative Response Scale, and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. RESULTS: WMC modulated the efficacy of cognitive reappraisal in healthy controls with high WMC, but not in patients with bipolar disorder. There were no significant interactions between WMC and expressive suppression or rumination in either group. LIMITATIONS: These include the small sample size, use of neutral words to evaluate negative emotion, use of self-administered questionnaires, and relatively high cut-off for the definition of euthymic states. A number of uncontrolled factors may have influenced our results including patients' duration of remission, number of episodes, psychiatric family history, and current psychiatric medications. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that working memory does not function effectively in the reappraisal process during ER in patients with bipolar disorder. This may indicate that top-down regulation of emotion is impaired in bipolar disorder. Cognitive interventions aimed at improving ER in such patients may be ineffective.