Affected family members social support experiences when assisting an individual with substance use disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Social support is a factor in the health and well-being of all populations (WHO, 2018). Having a loved one with substance use disorder (SUD) negatively affects family members. Affected Family Members (AFM) providing support for individual with substance use disorder (ISUD) are at risk of losing their social support network. Losing social support negatively influences AFMs health and well-being. DESIGN: As part of a larger mixed methods study, the researchers used qualitative inquiry to explore the experiences and perceptions of social support of the AFM of an ISUD. METHODS: The thematic framework of social support was applied to this qualitative study to identify the conceptual determinants of the perceptions and experiences of the AFM and the development of emergent themes. Participants completed an anonymous electronic survey that included Open-ended questions. A total of 101 participants completed the open-ended questions with 1088 narrative responses received. The utilization of an audit trail, reflexive journal, and in-depth thematic analysis conducted by the researchers has ensured the rigor of the study. RESULTS: Three themes emerged from the AFMs perspective: (1) We are all alone, and we have to fend for ourselves, (2) No one understands what we are going through and (3) People cannot relate and recoil from us. CONCLUSION: Identification of the specific needs of the AFM was crucial, and the first step in designing programs in future research to provide social support for ensuring the health and well-being of the AFM. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Nurses need to provide family-centred care to ISUD, including their AFMs, in order for the ISUD to continue to receive support to facilitate their recovery. This research highlights ways in which the nurse caring for the ISUD can provide supportive interventions for the AFMs.

The psychometric properties of the difficult behavior self-efficacy scale.

The study was designed to estimate the psychometric properties of Hastings and Brown's (2002a) Difficult Behavior Self-efficacy Scale. Participants were two samples of physical educators teaching in Korea (n=229) and the United States (U.S.; n=139). An initial translation of the questionnaire to Korean and pilot study were conducted along with the larger study using a confirmatory factor analysis procedure. Internal consistency estimates (weighed Omega) for the five-item scale were 0.88 both the Korean and U.S. samples. The average variances extracted for the one factor were 0.59 for the total data set and 0.57 each for the Korean and U.S. samples. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a five-item, unidimensional model for self-efficacy for the total sample: Goodness of Fit Index (GFI)=0.97, Nonnormed Fit Index (NNFI)=0.95, Comparative Fit Index (CFI)=0.98, and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR)=0.03. Only the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA=0.12) fell below criterion levels of acceptable fit, with similar fit indices occurring in separate analyses of the Korean and U.S. samples. Invariance testing across the two samples supported metric invariance (similarity of factor loadings) but not scalar invariance (U.S. means higher on all five items). The factor structure for the self-efficacy scale provides an initial estimate of validity and internal consistency for use with different teacher groups.

The Emotional Reactions to Challenging Behavior Scale-Korean (ERCBS-K): modification and validation.

The purpose of this study was to explore the original version of Mitchell and Hastings's (1998) Emotional Reaction to Challenging Behavior Scale (ERCBS) and estimate validity and reliability of a revised version containing 29 items. The Emotional Reaction to Challenging Behavior Scale-Korean (ERCBS-K) was studied using 445 in-service physical educators (228 females; 217 males). Data were collected using onsite administration as well as mail survey administration procedures. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses results supported a five-factor, 28-item scale ERCBS-K. Acceptable internal consistency coefficients were found for each of the subscales of the ERCBS-K (Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.71 to 0.87).