Predictive role of optical coherence tomography angiography for exudation recurrence in patients with type 1 neovascular age-related macular degeneration treated with pro-re-nata protocol.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to identify the consecutive changes and predictive features for exudation recurrence in macular neovascularization (MNV) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in type 1 neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NVAMD). METHODS: A total of 291 OCTA images in consecutive visit of 45 patients newly diagnosed with type 1 NMV and treated with three loading intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections (IVIs) and a pro-re-nata (PRN) therapy regimen were analysed. Quantitative features of OCTA included the MNV area, MNV length, total number of endpoints (open-ended vessels) and junctions (internal branching) using AngioTool. Two subgroups were divided according to exudation recurrence time from the third IVI (group 1: ≤3 months vs. group 2: >3 months). RESULTS: The area, length, number of total junctions, and endpoints decreased during three loading IVIs and increased at exudation recurrence (all p < 0.05). In a subgroup analysis of consecutive OCTA images, the number of total endpoints increased at two months prior to exudate recurrence in group 2 (the late recurrence group, p = 0.020). A higher total number of endpoints of MNV at baseline were found to be related with group 1 (early recurrence, p = 0.020 and 0.012 in univariate and multivariate regression analyses). CONCLUSIONS: The MNV with higher open-ended vessels at the lesion periphery at baseline might be expected to show earlier recurrence of exudation after loading IVIs. By observing the number of open-ended vessels in consecutive OCTA images, exudation recurrence could be predicted.

FOVEAL MÜLLER CELL CONE AS A PROGNOSTIC OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY BIOMARKER FOR INITIAL RESPONSE TO ANTIVASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR TREATMENT IN CYSTOID DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of the foveal Müller cell cone structure on the anatomical and functional response to intravitreal bevacizumab treatment in patients with diabetic macular edema. METHODS: In 93 treatment-naive eyes with center-involved cystic type diabetic macular edema, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography scans of baseline were retrospectively evaluated to determine the foveal Müller cell cone structure and prognostic features including length of disorganization in the retinal inner layers and ellipsoid zone disruption. The area and circularity of the foveal avascular zone of the superficial and deep capillary plexus 1 month after intravitreal bevacizumab treatment were evaluated using optical coherence tomography angiography. RESULTS: Destruction of the foveal Müller cell cone structure and a large foveal avascular zone in the deep capillary plexus (mm2) correlated strongly with a poor anatomical response (CST > 250 µm) at 1 month after first intravitreal bevacizumab (Exp [B] = 29.444, P = 0.002 and Exp [B] = 12.419, P = 0.013, respectively). A destroyed Müller cell cone structure (P = 0.008) and length of ellipsoid zone disruption (P < 0.001) at baseline were associated with poor visual acuity at 1 month after the first intravitreal bevacizumab. CONCLUSION: The foveal Müller cell cone structure correlates with the response to initial antivascular endothelial growth factor treatment.

Normative Data of Axial Length, Retinal Thickness Measurements, Visual Evoked Potentials, and Full-Field Electroretinography in Female, Wild-Type Minipigs.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to present normative data of optical coherence tomography (OCT), electrophysiological, and ocular biometry parameters and their correlation in minipigs. Methods: Eighty-eight eyes of 44 minipigs underwent full-field electroretinogram (ERG) recording and ocular biometry. However, 10 eyes of 6 minipigs were excluded because of poor OCT image quality. The thickness of the retinal sublayers was measured on a vertical line at 5 locations with a 1 mm interval from the disc margin to the dorsal periphery and at 10 locations on the visual streak. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were measured in 15 eyes of 8 minipigs. Results: All minipigs were female with a mean age and axial length of 13.83 ± 10.56 months and 20.33 ± 0.88 mm, respectively. The implicit time of the a-wave and b-wave in scotopic 3.0 ERGs was longer than that in photopic 3.0 ERG. The implicit time of the n2-wave and p2-wave in VEP was 25.67 ± 7.41 ms and 52.96 ± 10.38 ms, respectively. The total retinal layer (TRL) and nerve fiber layer (NFL) became thinner near the periphery. The inner retinal sublayers near the visual streak were thicker than those at other locations. Central TRL and NFL thickness on visual streak was 223.06 ± 23.19 µm and 74.03 ± 13.93 µm, respectively. The temporal TRL and NFL on the visual streak were thicker than those on the nasal side. Conclusions: The normative electrophysiological and OCT parameters used in our study can be used as reference data in further pig studies. Translational Relevance: This study presents normative data of minipigs, which are adequate animal models for preclinical studies.

Enumeration of CD34-positive Stem Cells Using the ADAMII Image-based Fluorescence Cell Counter.

BACKGROUND: It is very important to accurately enumerate CD34-positive (CD34+) cells for successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We evaluated the ability of the newly developed image based-immunofluorescence cell counter ADAMII (NanoEntek, Seoul, Korea) to enumerate CD34+ cells, which was improved through simultaneous CD45 analysis. METHODS: We enumerated CD34+ cells with ADAMII using 19 peripheral blood (PB) and 91 leukapheresis samples from HSCT donors. Analytical performance, including precision and linearity, was analyzed, and sample stability during storage was evaluated. Viable CD34+ cell count (vCD34) and viable CD45+ cell count (vCD45) and the percentage of viable CD34+ cells among viable CD45+ cells (CD34/CD45) as measured by ADAMII were compared with the corresponding values from two flow cytometry assays, using regression analysis. RESULTS: ADAMII demonstrated acceptable precision, as CV values of vCD34 from six samples with different counts were all <10% (range: 3.49-9.51%). CV values of the vCD45 and CD34/45 ranged from 4.03% to 9.67% and from 2.48% to 10.07%, respectively. The linearity of vCD34 showed an excellent R² value (0.99) when analyzed using the intended count and flow cytometry data. The ADAMII and two flow cytometry-based assays generated very similar data for the PB and leukapheresis samples. CONCLUSIONS: ADAMII demonstrated excellent performance for use as a routine clinical assay in terms of CD34+ cell enumeration from PB and leukapheresis samples. Moreover, it could be used as a point-of-care-test for determining mobilization time and predicting an adequate apheresis stem cell product.

Performance evaluation of an automated image-based fluorescence CD4+ cell analyzer.

BACKGROUND: Although AIDS-related mortality has declined since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV/ AIDS patients are predominantly present in developing countries that lack high-cost diagnostic devices and human expertise. OBJECTIVE: New methods for counting CD4+ cells cost-effectively are needed to replace conventional flow cytometry-based diagnosis. METHODS: We developed a CD4+ cell analyzer, ADAMII, which is a benchtop fluorescence image-based CD3+/4+ cell counting analyzer. It bears a three-channel light source and performs CD3+/4+ counting assays. The automatic 3D stage captures a maximum of 136 images that are subsequently processed and analyzed using a software integrated into the system. RESULTS: Results obtained using ADAMII were compared with data obtained by conventional methods using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer and the point-of-care PIMA CD4 analyzer. Both comparisons between ADAMII vs. FACS and ADAMII vs. PIMA data yielded a strong correlation with an R2 value of 0.98, which ensures the feasibility of CD4 test by ADAMII. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed method using ADAMII can be easily employed in resource-limited areas to replace conventional flow cytometers, which are expensive and require highly trained staff.

Effects of bevacizumab on endoplasmic reticulum stress in hypoxic retinal pigment epithelial cells.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of bevacizumab on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells cultured under hypoxic conditions. METHODS: RPE cells (ARPE-19) were cultured under hypoxic conditions (1% O2) with or without bevacizumab (0.3125 mg/mL) for 24 and 48 h. Cell viability was measured by a PrestoBlue assay. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), binding protein/glucose-regulated protein 78 (BiP/GRP78), and C/EBP homologous protein-10 (CHOP) mRNA was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). BiP/GRP78 and CHOP protein levels in the cells were assessed by western blot. VEGF protein in the media was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Under hypoxic conditions, cell viability decreased and mRNA and protein levels of VEGF, BiP/GRP78, and CHOP increased compared to those under normoxic conditions. Bevacizumab improved cell viability and reduced the expression of VEGF mRNA under hypoxic conditions. Bevacizumab also reduced the expression of both mRNA and protein of two ER stress indicators, BiP/GRP78 and CHOP, under hypoxic conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Bevacizumab mitigated ER stress in human RPE cells cultured under hypoxic conditions. This effect may be involved in the improved cell viability and reduction of VEGF expression after bevacizumab treatment of hypoxic RPE cells in vitro. However, the effects of bevacizumab on RPE cells under experimental conditions are unlikely to be clinically equivalent to those in the human eye.

Vitreous Hyper-Reflective Dots in Optical Coherence Tomography and Retinal Tear in Patients with Acute Posterior Vitreous Detachment.

PURPOSE: To report the presence of hyper-reflective dots in the vitreous cavity using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in patients with acute symptomatic posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and investigate their association with the presence of retinal tear. METHODS: The medical records of 77 patients with acute symptomatic PVD, who were examined between March 2013 and February 2015, were reviewed. The severity of vitreous hyper-reflective dots (VHDs) was graded using SD-OCT images, and the presence of retinal tear was assessed. RESULTS: Forty-one (53.2%) eyes had mild VHDs, 13 (16.9%) eyes had moderate VHDs, and 14 (18.2%) eyes had severe VHDs. Retinal tear was found in 21 (27.3%) eyes. The presence of severe VHDs was associated with an increased likelihood of retinal tear (positive likelihood ratio, 9.78; 95% confidence interval, 3.02-31.63). In 14 (66.7%) eyes with retinal tear, the mean number of VHDs significantly decreased from 23.2 ± 20.27 to 2.3 ± 2.66 at a mean follow-up interval of 2.8 ± 1.48 weeks (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of severe VHDs is suggestive of retinal tear in patients with acute symptomatic PVD. However, this SD-OCT finding should be limited to the acute phase of PVD.

The effect of Vaccinium uliginosum extract on tablet computer-induced asthenopia: randomized placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the alleviation effect of Vaccinium uliginosum extract (DA9301) on tablet computer-induced asthenopia. METHODS: This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind and parallel study (Trial registration number: 2013-95). A total 60 volunteers were randomized into DA9301 (n = 30) and control (n = 30) groups. The DA9301 group received DA9301 oral pill (1000 mg/day) for 4 weeks and the control group received placebo. Asthenopia was evaluated by administering a questionnaire containing 10 questions (responses were scored on a scales of 0-6; total score: 60) regarding ocular symptoms before (baseline) and 4 weeks after receiving pills (DA9301 or placebo). The participants completed the questionnaire before and after tablet computer (iPad Air, Apple Inc.) watching at each visit. The change in total asthenopia score (TAS) was calculated and compared between the groups RESULTS: TAS increased significantly after tablet computer watching at baseline in DA9301 group. (from 20.35 to 23.88; p = 0.031) However, after receiving DA9301 for 4 weeks, TAS remained stable after tablet computer watching. In the control group, TAS changes induced by tablet computer watching were not significant both at baseline and at 4 weeks after receiving placebo. Further analysis revealed the scores for "tired eyes" (p = 0.001), "sore/aching eyes" (p = 0.038), "irritated eyes" (p = 0.010), "watery eyes" (p = 0.005), "dry eyes" (p = 0.003), "eye strain" (p = 0.006), "blurred vision" (p = 0.034), and "visual discomfort" (p = 0.018) significantly improved in the DA9301 group. CONCLUSIONS: We found that oral intake of DA9301 (1000 mg/day for 4 weeks) was effective in alleviating asthenopia symptoms induced by tablet computer watching. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (registration number: NCT02641470, date of registration December 30, 2015).

Dry eye disease and allergic conditions: A Korean nationwide population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface. No epidemiologic reports have yet been published about the relationship between DED and allergic rhinitis or sensitization to allergens. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between DED and allergic conditions in the general adult Korean population. METHODS: This population-based cross-sectional study included 17,542 individuals (ages ≥ 19 years) who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2010 to 2012. Data for total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and allergen-specific IgE levels were available for 1857 subjects. Data were analyzed by using logistic regression to determine the association of DED with allergy or allergic conditions, including allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, increased total serum IgE, and sensitization to house-dust mite (Dermatophagoides farinae), dog, and cockroach allergens. RESULTS: The prevalence of DED, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and asthma was 10.4, 13.1, 2.2, and 3.3%, respectively. The prevalence of the increased total serum IgE level and sensitization to D. farinae, dog, and cockroach allergens was 34.6, 15.7, 1.0, and 2.8%, respectively. After adjusting for general characteristics, DED was significantly associated with allergic rhinitis (odds ratio 1.58 [95% confidence interval, 1.38-1.81]) and D. farinae sensitization (odds ratio 1.80 [95% confidence interval, 1.17-2.79]). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated a close association between DED and both allergic rhinitis and D. farinae sensitization in Korean adults. Further studies are warranted to establish temporal relationships between DED and allergic rhinitis.

Systemic Comorbidities of Dry Eye Syndrome: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V, 2010 to 2012.

PURPOSE: To identify systemic comorbidities in patients with dry eye syndrome in South Korea. METHODS: From 2010 to 2012, 17,364 participants aged 20 or older were randomly included in the nationwide Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V. The prevalence of dry eye syndrome and demographics of these patients were investigated. We performed conditional logistic regression analyses based on age, sex, residential area, education level, occupation type, and household income level to obtain the odds ratio for each systemic comorbidity among subjects with and without dry eye syndrome. RESULTS: The prevalence of dry eye syndrome in this study was 10.4%. Age [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.02], female gender (AOR: 3.01), and indoor occupation (AOR: 1.30) were associated with a higher prevalence of dry eye syndrome and found to be less prevalent in those residing in rural areas (AOR: 0.73) and with lower education levels (AOR: 0.66-0.99). With regard to systemic comorbidities, dyslipidemia (AOR: 1.63), degenerative arthritis (AOR: 1.56), rheumatoid arthritis (AOR: 1.44), thyroid disease (AOR: 1.79), and renal failure (AOR: 2.56) were associated with a significantly higher prevalence of dry eye syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: We found that patients with dry eye syndrome have a higher prevalence of several systemic comorbidities. A more comprehensive therapeutic approach considering the effect of systemic medication may be necessary in these patients.

Demographic features of idiopathic macular telangiectasia in Korean patients.

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical and demographic features of idiopathic macular telangiectasia (MacTel) in Korean patients since the introduction of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS: We reviewed medical records of patients who were diagnosed with MacTel from 2009 to 2013. All patients underwent fluorescein angiography and SD-OCT and were classified as type 1 or type 2 according to the classification system proposed by Yannuzzi. RESULTS: Over a period of 5 years, 4 (18.2%) patients were diagnosed with type 1 MacTel and 18 (81.8%) patients were diagnosed with type 2 MacTel. All patients with type1 MacTel were male, and their mean age was 51 ± 8.6 years. Among patients with type 2 MacTel, 3 (16.7%) were male, 15 (83.3%) were female, and the mean age was 60 ± 13.6 years. Whereas all type 1 MacTel patients had either metamorphopsia or mild scotoma, of the 18 patients with type 2 MacTel, only 4 (22.2%) had those symptoms, 10 (55.6%) complained of only mild visual impairment, and the other 4 (22.2%) had no symptoms. Intraretinal cystoid spaces were observed in 26 (72.2%) of 36 eyes with type 2 MacTel by SD-OCT. These cystoid spaces had irregular boundaries and did not correspond to angiographic leakages. CONCLUSIONS: Type 2 MacTel was most common in the present study. The wider availability of SD-OCT may have contributed to the diagnosis of type 2 MacTel. Type 2 MacTel may be more prevalent than type 1 in Koreans, which corresponds to the results of Western countries.

Transient corneal edema is a predictive factor for pseudophakic cystoid macular edema after uncomplicated cataract surgery.

PURPOSE: To report transient corneal edema after phacoemulsification as a predictive factor for the development of pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME). METHODS: A total of 150 eyes from 150 patients (59 men and 91 women; mean age, 68.0 ± 10.15 years) were analyzed using spectral domain optical coherence tomography 1 week and 5 weeks after routine phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Transient corneal edema detected 1 week after surgery was analyzed to reveal any significant relationship with the development of PCME 5 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Transient corneal edema developed in 17 (11.3%) of 150 eyes 1 week after surgery. A history of diabetes mellitus was significantly associated with development of transient corneal edema (odds ratio [OR], 4.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41 to 11.54; p = 0.011). Both diabetes mellitus and transient corneal edema were significantly associated with PCME development 5 weeks after surgery (OR, 4.58; 95% CI, 1.56 to 13.43; p = 0.007; and OR, 6.71; CI, 2.05 to 21.95; p = 0.003, respectively). In the 8 eyes with both diabetes mellitus and transient corneal edema, 4 (50%) developed PCME 5 weeks after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Transient corneal edema detected 1 week after routine cataract surgery is a predictive factor for development of PCME. Close postoperative observation and intervention is recommended in patients with transient corneal edema.

The change of macular thickness following single-session pattern scan laser panretinal photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy.

PURPOSE: To identify the incidence and risk factors of macular edema development following single-session pattern scan laser panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) for eyes with diabetic retinopathy. METHODS: Medical records were reviewed in consecutive patients who underwent single-session PRP for diabetic retinopathy. The eyes with baseline central subfield retinal thickness (CRT) less than 300 µm were included. RESULTS: Macular edema developed in 11 (8.5%) of 129 eyes 1 months after PRP. In the multivariate analysis, baseline CRT (µm) (odds ratio [OR] = 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00-1.08, p = 0.048) and presence of intraretinal cystoid spaces or subretinal fluid on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images (OR = 38.33; 95% CI = 1.36-1,083.14, p = 0.032) were significantly associated with macular edema development at 1-month visit. Macular edema developed in two (2.1%) of 97 eyes without cystoid spaces or subretinal fluid. The macular edema was spontaneously resolved in five (45.5%) of 11 cases at 3-month visit. CONCLUSIONS: SD-OCT may be helpful in predicting the development of macular edema, although the macular edema rarely developed after single-session pattern scan laser PRP and was spontaneously resolved in many cases.

Risk factors for posterior synechiae of the iris after 23-gauge phacovitrectomy.

AIM: To identify risk factors for the development of posterior synechiae of the iris (PSI) after 23-gauge phacovitrectomy. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed in consecutive Asian patients treated with 23-gauge phacovitrectomy with a 3-piece intraocular lens (IOL) or a single-piece 4 haptics IOL. RESULTS: A total of 263 eyes from 242 patients were included in the study. Postoperative PSI was identified in 16 (6.1%) eyes. In multivariate analysis, C3F8 gas tamponade, oil tamponade, and long operation time were significantly associated with PSI formation. There was no difference in the incidence of PSI between the groups using two different types of IOL (P=0.779). CONLUSION: C3F8 gas or oil tamponade and long operation time increased the incidence of PSI after 23-gauge phacovitrectomy. The single-piece 4 haptics IOL, in lieu of a 3-piece IOL, may be inserted into the capsular bag with a comparable incidence of PSI.

Retinal nerve fiber layer configuration in eyes with epiretinal membrane.

PURPOSE: To characterize configurations of the optic nerve head (ONH) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) eyes with epiretinal membrane (ERM). METHODS: We reviewed medical records of consecutive patients with ERM who were examined between September 2012 and August 2013. Patients were categorized based on the severity of ERM on fundus imaging; patients with ERM but without retinal distortion were in group 1, and patients with ERM and retinal distortion were in group 2. Optic nerve head and RNFL parameters measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography were assessed and compared between eyes with ERM and normal fellow eyes. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in ONH and RNFL parameters between ERM eyes and normal fellow eyes in group 1 (n = 12). In group 2 (n = 33), cup volume was smaller (p = 0.020), temporal quadrant RNFL thickness was greater by 18.8 ± 16.6 µm (p < 0.001), and RNFL peak angle was smaller by 18.7 ± 25.3 degrees in ERM eyes compared with fellow eyes (p = 0.001). In the 15 patients in group 2 who underwent ERM removal, temporal quadrant RNFL thickness decreased and the RNFL peak angle increased after the surgery (p = 0.008 and p = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The configurations of the ONH and peripapillary RNFL in eyes with ERM were different from those in fellow eyes. The characteristic configurations of RNFL such as small peak angle and temporal quadrant thickening may be considered when evaluating parameters as measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography.

Neural responses to various rewards and feedback in the brains of adolescent Internet addicts detected by functional magnetic resonance imaging.

AIM: This study aimed to examine differences in brain activation for various types of reward and feedback in adolescent Internet addicts (AIA) and normal adolescents (NA) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). METHODS: AIA (n = 15) and NA (n = 15) underwent fMRI while performing easy tasks for which performance feedback (PF), social reward (SR) (such as compliments), or monetary reward (MR) was given. Using the no reward (NR) condition, three types of contrasts (PF-NR, SR-NR, and MR-NR) were analyzed. RESULTS: In NA, we observed activation in the reward-related subcortical system, self-related brain region, and other brain areas for the three contrasts, but these brain areas showed almost no activation in AIA. Instead, AIA showed significant activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for the PF-NR contrast and the negative correlation was found between the level of activation in the left superior temporal gyrus (BA 22) and the duration of Internet game use per day in AIA. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that AIA show reduced levels of self-related brain activation and decreased reward sensitivity irrespective of the type of reward and feedback. AIA may be only sensitive to error monitoring regardless of positive feelings, such as sense of satisfaction or achievement.

Vitreous hyper-reflective dots in optical coherence tomography and cystoid macular edema after uneventful phacoemulsification surgery.

PURPOSE: To report the observation of hyper-reflective dots in the vitreous cavity using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) after uneventful phacoemulsification cataract surgery and to investigate their association with cystoid macular edema (CME). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records of consecutive Asian patients who had no preoperative retinopathy and underwent uneventful phacoemulsification cataract surgery from March 2012 through February 2013 were reviewed. SD-OCTs were performed before, 1 week, and 1 month after surgery. The number of vitreous hyper-reflective dots (VHDs) was counted in 5 OCT images of high-definition 5-line raster scans. The development of CME was assessed using postoperative 1-month OCT. RESULTS: In 74 eyes of 74 patients, all of three SD-OCTs with a signal to noise ratio of 0.6 or more were available and were analyzed in this study. In preoperative OCT, the VHD was observed in 2 (2.7%) of 74 eyes; one eye had 1 VHD and the other eye had 2 VHDs. In 72 eyes with no preoperative VHD, VHDs were observed in 40 (55.6%) eyes at 1 week after the surgery. In the multivariate analysis, the number of VHDs measured at 1 week after the surgery was significantly associated with CME development at 1 month after the surgery (odds ratio = 1.93, 95% confidence interval = 1.15 to 3.24, P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: VHDs were frequently observed in OCT after uneventful phacoemulsification cataract surgery. VHDs observed at 1 week after the surgery may be a risk factor for the development of pseudophakic CME. Further studies are needed to identify the source of the VHDs.

Biometric characteristics of eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy.

PURPOSE: To investigate the biometric characteristics of eyes with idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). METHODS: Medical records of 52 consecutive patients with unilateral CSC were reviewed. Central serous chorioretinopathy was diagnosed using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and fluorescein angiography. Data collected for comparison with fellow eyes were refractive error, biometric measurements using partial coherence interferometry, and SD-OCT parameters. RESULTS: Mean time from subjective symptom onset to initial visit was 8.3 ± 12.29 weeks. Mean axial length (AL) was shorter in CSC eyes than in fellow eyes by 0.24 ± 0.379 mm (P < 0.001), and mean anterior chamber depth (ACD) was shallower in CSC eyes than in fellow eyes by 0.03 ± 0.088 mm (P = 0.021). Central serous chorioretinopathy eyes also had thicker subfoveal choroidal thickness (CT) than fellow eyes by 34.0 ± 45.93 µm (P < 0.001). Differences in spherical equivalents between CSC and fellow eyes correlated with AL differences (r = -0.690, P < 0.001) and CT differences (r = 0.473, P = 0.001). On multiple linear regression analysis, the differences in ACD between CSC and fellow eyes were significantly correlated with AL differences (P = 0.032) and symptom duration (P = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Biometric characteristics such as AL and ACD were different between eyes with CSC and fellow eyes. Variations in biometry, which correlated with CT differences, might be related to differences in refractive errors between eyes.