RESUMO
Sulfides and their derivatives are among the most important class of reagent in synthetic chemistry. Despite the importance of such compounds, the use of sulfide radical cations in synthetic chemistry is underdeveloped. To address this issue, herein, we describe alkene chlorotrifluoromethylation reactions promoted by photoredox/sulfide dual catalysis systems, which involves sulfide radical cations generated through the oxidation of sulfides by a photoredox catalyst. The high functional group tolerance of this chemistry was demonstrated using natural products and drug molecules as substrate alkenes.
Assuntos
Alcenos , Produtos Biológicos , Catálise , Cátions , SulfetosRESUMO
The first synthesis of N-(acyloxy)ynamides was realized through the coupling of N-(acyloxy)amides and hypervalent alkynyliodane under mild conditions. This reaction probably involves biradical species ("C2") generation and radical processes. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that N-(acyloxy)ynamide could be transformed into a N-sulfonylimidate derivative by a copper catalyst. This study provides new building blocks for synthetic organic chemistry reactions and improves understanding of the chemical reactivity of "C2".
Assuntos
Amidas , Cobre , Ciclização , CatáliseRESUMO
The reaction of 14-aminonaltrexone with acetic anhydride was found to produce a range of different novel compounds between the free compound and its hydrochloride. The hydrochloride produced a compound with an acetylacetone moiety, whereas the free form produced a compound with a pyranopyridine moiety. Efforts to isolate reaction intermediates and density functional theory calculations have elucidated those formation mechanisms with both bearing the novel morphinan-type skeleton. Furthermore, a derivative with the acetylacetone moiety showed binding to opioid receptors.
Assuntos
Morfinanos , Pentanonas , Morfinanos/química , EsqueletoRESUMO
Morphinan derivatives lacking the 4,5-epoxy ring were synthesized to examine the participation of the 14-OH group, the 3-OMe group, and the aromaticity of the A-ring in the activity and selectivity for the orexin 1 receptor (OX1R). The assay results and the conformational analyses of the 14-dehydrated and 14-H derivatives suggested that the orientations of the 6-amide side chain and the 17-benzenesulfonyl group would play important roles in the activity for OX1R. In the 6ß-derivatives, removal of the 3-OMe group and the reduction of the A-ring significantly decreased the activity toward the OX1R, but these changes did not affect the 6α-derivatives. These results indicate that the 3-OMe group and the A-ring would be essential structural moieties for the 6ß-derivatives.
Assuntos
Morfinanos/química , Morfinanos/farmacologia , Antagonistas dos Receptores de Orexina/química , Antagonistas dos Receptores de Orexina/farmacologia , Receptores de Orexina/metabolismo , Sulfonamidas/química , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Desenho de Fármacos , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Molecular , Receptores de Orexina/químicaRESUMO
The 14-dehydration- and 14-H derivatives of the orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) antagonist YNT-707 (2) were synthesized. The obtained derivatives showed higher affinities for OX1R than the corresponding 14-hydroxy derivatives. The conformational analysis suggested that the 17-sulfonamide groups in the derivatives without the 14-hydroxy group have a greater tendency to be oriented toward the upper side of the D-ring compared with the 14-hydroxy derivatives. Additionally, the 14-dehydration-derivative with 6α-amide side chain showed significantly higher affinity than the 14-hydroxy derivative, while the corresponding 14-H derivative showed only slightly higher affinity. Thus, the 14-hydroxy group strongly affects the affinity of the antagonist for the OX1R.
Assuntos
Morfinanos/química , Antagonistas dos Receptores de Orexina/química , Sulfonamidas/química , Conformação Molecular , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Morfinanos/síntese química , Antagonistas dos Receptores de Orexina/síntese química , Estereoisomerismo , Sulfonamidas/síntese químicaRESUMO
The essential structure of the orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) antagonist YNT-707 (2) was clarified, particularly the roles to OX1R antagonist activities of the 3-OMe, the 4,5-epoxy ring, the 14-hydroxy group, and the orientation of the 6-amide side chain. The 3-OMe and 17-sulfonamide group were shown to be essential for the OX1R antagonistic activity. The 4,5-epoxy ring plays an important role for the active orientation of the 6-amide group. The 14-hydroxy group could lower the activity of the 6ß-amide isomer by the interaction of the 14-hydroxy group with the 6-amide group, which could orient the 6-amide group toward the upper side of the C-ring. Finally, we proposed the difference in the active conformation between OX1R and κ opioid receptor (KOR), especially in the orientation of the 6-amide group which is expected to be a useful guide for medicinal chemists to design OX1R ligands.
Assuntos
Compostos de Epóxi/farmacologia , Morfinanos/farmacologia , Antagonistas dos Receptores de Orexina/farmacologia , Receptores de Orexina/metabolismo , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Sítios de Ligação/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Compostos de Epóxi/química , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Morfinanos/síntese química , Morfinanos/química , Antagonistas dos Receptores de Orexina/síntese química , Antagonistas dos Receptores de Orexina/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/síntese química , Sulfonamidas/químicaRESUMO
Nalfurafine, a κ-selective opioid receptor agonist, unexpectedly showed a selective antagonist activity toward the orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) (Ki = 250 nM). Modification of the 17-amino side chain of the opioid ligand to an arylsulfonyl group and the 6-furan acrylamide chain to 2-pyridyl acrylamide led to compound 71 with improvement of the antagonist activity (OX1R, Ki = 1.36 nM; OX2R, not active) without any detectable affinity for the opioid receptor. The dihydrosulfate salt of 71, freely soluble in water, attenuated the physical dependence of morphine. Furthermore, all of the active nalfurafine derivatives in this study had almost no activity for OX2R, which led to high OX1R selectivity. These results suggest that nalfurafine derivatives could be a useful series of lead compounds to develop highly selective OX1R antagonists.