Litsea glaucescens Kuth possesses bactericidal activity against Listeria monocytogenes.

Background: Litsea glaucencens Kuth is an aromatic plant used for food seasoning food and in Mexican traditional medicine. Among, L. glaucencens leaves properties, it has proven antibacterial activity which can be used against opportunistic pathogens like Listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne bacteria that is the causal agent of listeriosis, a disease that can be fatal in susceptible individuals. The aim of this work was to investigate the antibacterial activity of L. glaucescens Kuth leaf extracts against L. monocytogenes and to identify its bioactive components. Material and Methods: L. glaucences leaves were macerated with four solvents of different polarity (n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol). To determine the capacity to inhibit bacterial proliferation in vitro, agar diffusion and microdilution methods were used. Next, we determined the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). Finally, we determined the ratio of MBC/MIC. Metabolites present in the active methanolic extract from L. glaucescens Kuth (LgMeOH) were purified by normal-phase open column chromatography. The structure of the antibacterial metabolite was determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C, COSY, HSQC) and by comparison with known compounds. Results: The LgMeOH extract was used to purify the compound responsible for the observed antimicrobial activity. This compound was identified as 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone (pinocembrin) by analysis of its spectroscopic data and comparison with those described. The MIC and MBC values obtained for pinocembrin were 0.68 mg/mL, and the ratio MBC/MIC for both LgMeOH and pinocembrin was one, which indicates bactericidal activity. Conclusion: L. glaucences Kuth leaves and its metabolite pinocembrin can be used to treat listeriosis due the bactericidal activity against L. monocytogenes.

Nephroprotective Activity of Papaloquelite (Porophyllum ruderale) in Thioacetamide-Induced Injury Model.

Acute kidney injury and impaired kidney function is associated with reduced survival and increased morbidity. Porophyllum ruderale is an edible plant endemic to Mexico used in Mexican traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nephroprotective effect of a hydroalcoholic extract (MeOH:water 70:30, v/v) from the aerial parts of P. ruderale (HEPr). Firstly, in vitro the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of HEPr was determined; after the in vivo nephroprotective activity of HEPr was evaluated using a thioacetamide-induced injury model in rats. HEPr showed a slight effect on LPS-NO production in macrophages (15% INO at 40 µg/mL) and high antioxidant activity in the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) test, followed by the activity on DPPH and ABTS radicals test (69.04, 63.06 and 32.96% of inhibition, respectively). In addition, values of kidney injury biomarkers in urine (urobilinogen, hemoglobin, bilirubin, ketones, glucose, protein, pH, nitrites, leukocytes, specific gravity, and the microalbumin/creatinine) and serum (creatinine, urea, and urea nitrogen) of rats treated with HEPr were maintained in normal ranges. Finally, 5-O-caffeoylquinic, 4-O-caffeoylquinic and ferulic acids; as well as 3-O-quercetin glucoside and 3-O-kaempferol glucoside were identified by HPLC as major components of HEPr. In conclusion, Porophyllum ruderale constitutes a source of compounds for the treatment of acute kidney injury.

Sea urchins: an update on their pharmacological properties.

Sea urchins are a group of benthic invertebrates characterized by having rigid globose bodies, covered in spines, and have an innate immune system that has allowed them to survive in the environment and defend against many pathogens that affect them. They are consumed for their unique flavor, but also for possessing a rich source of bioactive compounds which make them a source for a wide array of medicinal properties. Thus, these may be used to discover and develop new drugs such as anti-bacterials, anti-carcinogenics and anti-virals. Precisely for those reasons, this revision is centered on the known biological activities in various sea urchin species. Recently, the potential pharmacological benefits of nine sea urchin species [Diadema antillarum (Philippi 1845), Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville), Evechinus chloroticus (Valenciennes), Mesocentrotus nudus (Agassiz, 1863), Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816), Scaphechinus mirabilis (Agazzis, 1863), Stomopneustes variolaris (Lamarck, 1816), Tripneustes depressus (Agassiz, 1863), and Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck, 1816)] have been evaluated. Our work includes a comprehensive review of the anti-fungal, anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-viral, anti-diabetic, anti-lipidemic, gastro-protective and anti-cardiotoxic effects. Furthermore, we revised the compounds responsible of these pharmacological effects. This work was intended for a broad readership in the fields of pharmacology, drugs and devices, marine biology and aquaculture, fisheries and fish science. Our results suggest that organic extracts, as well as pure compounds obtained from several parts of sea urchin bodies are effective in vitro and in vivo pharmacological models. As such, these properties manifest the potential use of sea urchins to develop emergent active ingredients.

Consumption Patterns of Energy Drinks in Adolescents and Their Effects on Behavior and Mental Health: A Systematic Review.

The aim of the current review was to analyze primary studies about energy drink consumption patterns in adolescents and their relationship with mental health. PubMed, PLOS ONE, PsycINFO, and ScienceDirect databases were searched to identify articles related to adverse effects of energy drinks in adolescents and young adults aged 11 to 18 years. Psychological and behavioral measures were based on validated screening tools used in various contexts, and bias was detected in energy drink consumption patterns. In regard to sex, boys consumed more energy drinks than girls, and a strong, positive association was reported between consumption and probability of risky behaviors; tendency for anxiety, depression, and impulsivity; poor academic performance; and sleep disturbances. A progressive increase in consumption was also noted of 25% to 75% within 5 years. Findings suggest that standardized consumption pattern assessment be included in evaluations of mental health to determine potential causal relationships. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 60(2), 41-47.].

Serological and Molecular Evidence of Patients Infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Mexico.

Human granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA), is a tick-borne infectious disease transmitted by ticks, resulting in acute feverish episodes. The etiological agent is the bacteria Anaplasma phagocytophilum; which is spread by ticks of the genus Ixodes spp. to complete its life cycle. In Mexico, there is only one case report. The primary challenge is understanding how other bacteria affect or overlap with the clinical manifestation of the disease. Sample collection occurred over the period September 2017 through October 2019. Blood samples from human subjects were obtained immediately after they signed consent forms. We analyzed for the presence for A. phagocytophilum by serological (IFA IgG two times) and PCR targeting 16SrRNA and groEL genes, followed by DNA sequencing. All patients with a history of travel abroad were dismissed for this project. In total, 1924 patients participated and of these, 1014 samples across the country were analyzed. Of these, 85 (8.38%) had IFA results that ranged from 1:384 to 1:896. Of the positive samples, 7.10% were used for PCR. Significant clinical manifestations included: dizziness, nausea, petechial, epistaxis, enlarged liver and/or spleen and thrombocytopenia. Hospitalization of at least 1.5 days was necessary for 3.2% of patients. None of the cases analyzed were lethal. This is the first clinical manifestations along with serological test results and molecular analysis confirmed the presence of A. phagocytophilum resulting in HGA in patients from Mexico. Health institutions and medical practitioners in general should include diagnostic testing for HGA among high risk populations and should recognize it as a vector-borne emerging infectious disease in Mexico.

Biogenic amines levels in food processing: Efforts for their control in foodstuffs.

Fermented and/or protein-rich foods, the most widely consumed worldwide, are the most susceptible to the presence of high levels of biogenic amines (BAs). Many reviews have focused on BAs toxicity and presence in foods; however, technological strategies such as evaluation of physical parameters, the addition of natural or synthetic compounds or the use of specific starter cultures of BAs reduction, and quick detection methods have been scarcely approached. In current research, there has been a focus on fast detection of BAs through colorimetric methods that allow these compounds to be quickly and easily identified by consumers. To reduce BAs presence in food, several alternatives have been developed and investigated with the aim of preventing negative effects caused by their intake, which can be applied before, during, or after processing. Food safety is one of the most important concerns of consumer and sanitary authorities. Therefore, detecting toxins such as BAs in food has become a priority for research. Recent reports that focus on the development of rapid detection methods of BAs are reviewed in this analysis. These methods have been successfully applied to food matrices with little to no sample pretreatment. Several alternatives for BAs reduction in food was also summarized. These findings will help the food industry to improve its processes for developing safe food.

Caffeine Consumption in Children: Innocuous or Deleterious? A Systematic Review.

Caffeine is the most consumed psychostimulant worldwide. Its use among children is controversial. Although it produces an increase in brain activity, it could hamper growth and development in young consumers. Therefore, the aim of this review was to recognize changes produced by caffeine in children under 12 years of age and to identify the relevant alterations and the conditions of their occurrence. A systematic review of the literature was carried out using PRISMA. Initially, 5468 articles were found from the EBSCO, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Clarivate Analytics databases. In this review, were retained 24 published articles that met the inclusion criteria. The results obtained showed that caffeine consumption hampers children's growth and development. In contrast, it supports the activation of the central nervous system and brain energy management.

Salix babylonica L. as a Natural Anticoccidial Alternative in Growing Rabbits.

Coccidiosis in rabbit production is responsible for high morbidity, mortality, and economic losses. The use of natural antimicrobial substances in rabbits represents a promising way to improve their health and production. The aim of the present study was to assess the activity of Salix babylonica hydroalcoholic extract (SBHE) on the elimination of Eimeria spp. in rabbits. The phytochemical compounds and chemical composition of SBHE were determined. The cytotoxicity of SBHE was determined by a microwell assay using Artemia salina. Twenty-five New Zealand rabbits, 28 days old and 872 ± 171 g body weight (BW), were used in a completely randomized design. The rabbits were assigned to five groups of five rabbits, control group (A) received only basal diet (BD), B group received BD + 25 mg/kg BW of SBHE, C group received BD + 50 mg/kg BW of SBHE, D group received BD + 100 mg/kg BW of SBHE, and E group received BD + coccidiostat Baycox® (75 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days. Feces samples were collected at days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28; morphological and morphometric identifications of Eimeria were carried out by the flotation technique and counting of oocysts by the McMaster technique. The rabbits were found naturally infected with Eimeria spp. The SBHE present phytochemicals with anticoccidial activity, and the cytotoxicity test indicate that this extract is nontoxic. This study demonstrates that oral administration of SBHE at 25 and 50 mg/kg BW reduced the release of oocysts per gram of feces. This effect was observed at day 14 and had the most significant effect at day 28 for both concentrations. The results indicate that SBHE could be a natural alternative for the control of coccidiosis in rabbit production.

Antibacterial activity of compounds isolated from Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq) Willd against important bacteria in public health.

Antimicrobial resistance has been increasing in recent years and is most frequently found in pathogenic microorganisms resistant or multiresistant to drugs. The secondary metabolites of plants have been evaluated as alternatives for control and treatment of these microorganisms. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the secondary metabolites with antibacterial activity from Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq) Willd fruit. Hydroalcoholic extract (CCHA), was subjected to a bipartition with ethyl acetate giving two fractions an aqueous (Aq-F) and an organic (EtOAc-F). The isolation of bioactive fraction (EtOAc-F) allowed obtain two important compounds, methyl gallate (1) and gallic acid (2). These compounds were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The CCHA, both fractions and the isolated compounds were evaluated in vitro to determine their Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Gallic acid (2) showed the lowest MIC on S. typhi, (0.156 mg/mL), L. monocytogenes and S. aureus (1.25 mg/mL), while methyl gallate (1) had the best inhibitory effect against E. coli and P. aeruginosa (1.25 mg/mL). On the other hand, methyl gallate (1) showed the best MBC on P. aeruginosa (2.50 mg/mL), and gallic acid (2) had the lowest MBC on P. aeruginosa and L. monocytogenes. In conclusion, methyl gallate (1) and gallic acid (2) are the compounds responsible for the antibacterial activity of Caesalpinia coriaria fruit.

Chemical Constituents of Salix babylonica L. and Their Antibacterial Activity Against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Animal Bacteria.

The principle of animal wellbeing, which states that animals should be free from pain, injury, and disease, is difficult to maintain, because microorganisms are most frequently found to be resistant or multi-resistant to drugs. The secondary metabolites of plants are an alternative for the treatment of these microorganisms. The aim of this work was to determine the antibacterial effect of Salix babylonica L. hydroalcoholic extract (SBHE) against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes, and identify the compounds associated with the activity. The SBHE showed activity against the three strains, and was subjected to a bipartition, obtaining aqueous fraction (ASB) with moderate activity and organic fraction (ACSB) with good activity against the three strains. The chromatographic separation of ACSB, allowed us to obtain ten fractions (F1AC to F10AC), and only three showed activity (F7AC, F8AC and F10AC). In F7AC, five compounds were identified preliminary by GC-MS, in F8AC and F10AC were identified luteolin (1) and luteolin 7-O-glucoside (2) by HPLC, respectively. The best antibacterial activity was obtained with F7AC (Listeria monocytogenes; MIC: 0.78 mg/mL, MBC: 0.78 mg/mL) and F8AC (Staphylococcus aureus; MIC: 0.39 mg/mL; MBC: 0.78 mg/mL). The results indicated that the compounds obtained from SBHE can be used as an alternative treatment against these microorganisms and, by this mechanism, contribute to animal and human health.

Anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous extracts of spent Pleurotus ostreatus substrates in mouse ears treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.

AIMS: To evaluate the application of spent Pleurotus ostreatus substrates, enriched or not with medicinal herbs, as a source of anti-inflammatory compounds. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: P. ostreatus was cultivated on five different substrates: Barley straw (BS) and BS combined 80:20 with medicinal herbs (Chenopodium ambrosioides L. [BS/CA], Rosmarinus officinalis L. [BS/RO], Litsea glaucescens Kunth [BS/LG], and Tagetes lucida Cav. [BS/TL]). The anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extracts of spent mushroom substrates (SMSs) (4 mg/ear) was studied using an acute inflammation model in the mouse ear induced with 2.5 µg/ear 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA). RESULTS: Groups treated with BS/CA, BS/RO, and BS/LG aqueous extracts exhibited the best anti-inflammatory activity (94.0% ± 5.5%, 92.9% ± 0.6%, and 90.4% ± 5.0% inhibition of auricular edema [IAO], respectively), and these effects were significantly different (P < 0.05) from that of the positive control indomethacin (0.5 mg/ear). BS/TL and BS were also able to reduce TPA-induced inflammation but to a lesser extent (70.0% ± 6.7% and 43.5% ± 6.6% IAO, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Spent P. ostreatus substrate of BS possesses a slight anti-inflammatory effect. The addition of CA L. to mushroom substrate showed a slightly synergistic effect while RO L. had an additive effect. In addition, LG Kunth and TL Cav. enhanced the anti-inflammatory effect of SMS. However, to determine whether there is a synergistic or additive effect, it is necessary to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of each medicinal herb.