A prospective study of nutrition education and oral nutritional supplementation in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

BACKGROUND: Weight loss in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common clinical manifestation that may have clinical significance. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate if there is a difference between nutrition education and oral nutritional supplementation on nutritional status in patients with AD. METHODS: A randomized, prospective 6-month study which enrolled 90 subjects with probable AD aged 65 years or older divided into 3 groups: Control Group (CG) [n = 27], Education Group (EG) [n = 25], which participated in an education program and Supplementation Group (SG) [n = 26], which received two daily servings of oral nutritional supplementation. Subjects were assessed for anthropometric data (weight, height, BMI, TSF, AC and AMC), biochemical data (total protein, albumin, and total lymphocyte count), CDR (Clinical Dementia Rating), MMSE (Mini-mental state examination), as well as dependence during meals. RESULTS: The SG showed a significant improvement in the following anthropometric measurements: weight (H calc = 22.12, p =< 0.001), BMI (H calc = 22.12, p =< 0.001), AC (H calc = 12.99, p =< 0.002), and AMC (H calc = 8.67, p =< 0.013) compared to the CG and EG. BMI of the EG was significantly greater compared to the CG. There were significant changes in total protein (H calc = 6.17, p =< 0.046), and total lymphocyte count in the SG compared to the other groups (H cal = 7.94, p = 0.019). CONCLUSION: Oral nutritional supplementation is more effective compared to nutrition education in improving nutritional status.

Permanent global amnesia: case report.

PURPOSE: To present a case of permanent global amnesia related to hippocampal damage. Permanent global amnesia is a very rare condition of unknown etiology; lesions restricted to the hippocampus are uncommon, which hinders investigations of this pattern of memory loss. This case is unusually well documented, as the patient underwent extensive neuropsychological evaluations. CLINICAL FEATURES: A cheerful right-handed, 83-year-old retired electrician was first evaluated in 1990 for progressive difficulty in learning new information and in recalling events over the preceding 3-4 years. Tests over the next 5 years showed that the impairment was confined to episodic declarative memory. New verbal information could be stored only in episodic memory in a restricted manner, limited by short-term memory capacity. A relatively mild retrograde amnesia was detected. Semantic and implicit memory was spared, as were other functions evaluated. The patient's language and executive function were strikingly efficient. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed bilateral atrophy of the hippocampi and amygdalae, ruling out conditions such as tumour growth. A diagnosis of permanent global amnesia was made. In the ensuing years, the retrograde amnesia worsened, but no new deficits were identified. CONCLUSION: This case, the first with a detailed cognitive examination, is evidence of a relatively pure hippocampal pattern for memory loss in permanent global amnesia.

[Suggestions for utilization of the mini-mental state examination in Brazil]. / Sugestões para o uso do mini-exame do estado mental no Brasil.

UNLABELLED: Mini-metal state examination (MMSE) is a screening test to detect cognitive impairment. The objectives of the present study are to describe some adaptations for use of MMSE in Brazil and to propose rules for its uniform application. METHOD: We evaluated 433 healthy subjects using the MMSE and verified the possible influence of demographic variables on total scores. RESULTS: Educational level was the main factor that influenced performance, demonstrated by ANOVA: F(4,425) = 100.45, p<0.0001. The median values for educational groups were: 20 for illiterates; 25 for 1 to 4 yrs; 26.5 for 5 to 8 yrs; 28 for 9 to 11 yrs and 29 for higher levels. CONCLUSION: The MMSE is an excellent screening instrument and definitive rules are necessary for comparison purposes.

Sugestöes para o uso do mini-exame do estado mental no Brasil / Suggestions for utilization of the mini-mental state examination in Brazil

Modificaçöes no mini-exame do estado mental (MEM) foram sugeridas anteriormente em nosso meio. Neste artigo relatamos sugestöes para aplicaçäo uniforme deste instrumento. MÉTODO: Avaliamos 433 indivíduos saudáveis sem queixas de memória através do MEM tendo seu desempenho sido avaliado quanto às variáveis demográficas. As modificaçöes propostas foram detalhadamente descritas. RESULTADOS: A escolaridade foi o principal fator que influenciou o desempenho dos indivíduos. Na análise de variância entre os grupos de escolaridade obtivemos F(4,425)=100,45, p<0,0001. Os escores medianos por escolaridade foram: para analfabetos, 20; para idade de 1 a 4 anos, 25; de 5 a 8 anos, 26,5; de 9 a 11 anos, 28; para indivíduos com escolaridade superior a 11 anos, 29. CONCLUSÄO: Sugerimos o uso desta versäo para uniformizaçäo dos resultados em nosso meio. Sua aplicabilidade revelou-se boa para ambientes hospitalar, ambulatorial e para estudo populacionais

Dados normativos para o teste de fluência verbal categoria animais em nosso meio / Normative data for the animals category verbal fluency test in our environment

Objetivos: Avaliar o desempenho na fluencia verbal em nossa populacao e verificar a influencia da idade e escolaridade. Metodos: Foram entrevistados 336 indivÝduos sem queixas neurologicas ou psiquiatricas, atraves doMini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEM) e geracao de animais em um minuto. Para efeitocomparativo e para verificacao dos niveis de corte, foram examinados 65 individuos com quadro de perda cognitiva, acompanhados no ambulatorio de Neurologia do Comportamento da EPM. Resultados: Na populacao "normal" tivemos media de 13,84 animais por minuto. Para os grupos de escolaridade: 11,92, para analfabetos; 12,82, para individuos com ate 4 anos incompletos; 13,45, para os de 4 a 8 anos incompletos; 15,88 para os com 8 ou mais anos de escolaridade. Houve diferença significante entre eles (p=0,0001). Para os grupos etarios, tivemos medias de: 13,79, para aqueles com idade inferior a 65 anos; 13.92 para os com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos (sem diferença estatistica). Determinamos para esses grupos dois niveis de corte: 9 para individuos com ate 8 anos de escolaridade com sensibilidade de 75 por cento para analfabetos, 100 por cento para baixa escolaridade, 87 por cento para mÚdia escolaridade; e especificidade de 79 por cento para analfabetos, 84 por cento para baixa escolaridade, 88 por cento para media escolaridade. Para o grupo de alta escolaridade o escore de corte foi de 13, com sensibilidade de 86 por cento e especificidade de 67 por cento. ConclusÒo: Devemos utilizarniveis diferenciados de corte no teste de fluencia verbal, em nosso meio, considerando os efeitos da escolaridade sobre o desempenho neste teste.