Correction: Impact of School-Based Interventions on Pediatric Obesity: A Systematic Review.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43153.].

Role of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists in Cardiovascular Risk Management in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review.

People with type 2 diabetes mellitus have a greater risk of developing cardiovascular problems. Since cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of mortality all over the world, we need to find more efficient measures to control this risk in the diabetes population in addition to conventional glycemic control. In this systematic review, we aim to explore the latest findings on the cardiovascular effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists and dual GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We conducted a comprehensive literature search using PubMed and Google Scholar as the main sources for data collection. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 recommendations for conducting this review. The outcomes of interest included mortality due to cardiovascular causes, non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke, effects on cardiovascular risk factors, heart failure, and development of arrhythmias. After thorough literature screening and quality analysis, 14 articles were finally included for qualitative synthesis. GLP-1 receptor agonists appeared to be effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke. They were found to reduce the risk of composite major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) outcomes by 12-14% when compared to placebo. Their role in preventing heart failure and arrhythmias is uncertain, and further trials are needed to confirm the same. The cardiovascular outcomes of GLP-1/GIP dual agonists are currently under investigation. Studies completed to date show that they do not increase the risk of cardiovascular disease when compared to placebo.

Causes and Prevention of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer.

Sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) has historically been considered a disease of the elderly. However, early-onset colorectal cancer (eoCRC) incidence and prevalence have steadily increased over the last few decades, highlighting the critical need for a comprehensive understanding of its causes and prevention. This research examines the numerous factors contributing to the increasing incidence of eoCRC. These factors include a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental effects. We also investigate the impact of modifiable lifestyle factors like obesity, physical inactivity, and an unhealthy diet on eoCRC risk. Understanding these factors is critical in developing future diagnostic, prognostic, disease monitoring, and therapy planning strategies in managing eoCRC and will help optimize guidelines for CRC screening.

On the Menu: Analyzing the Macronutrients, Micronutrients, Beverages, Dietary Patterns, and Pancreatic Cancer Risk.

This narrative review summarizes the principal findings of observational studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses on diet and dietary patterns' role in the risk of pancreatic cancer. Etiologically pancreatic cancer is multifactorial. Evidence exists of an association between nutrients, dietary patterns, and pancreatic cancer. An extensive literature search was conducted on PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar. A thorough search of articles published in English till May 2023 and related to the review was performed. The relationship between all macronutrients, micronutrients, and various dietary patterns with the risk of pancreatic cancer was assessed. It is concluded that a diet high in nutrients like red and processed meat, refined sugars, saturated and monounsaturated fats, alcohol, copper, and a Western dietary pattern can increase the likelihood of pancreatic cancer. Contrary to this, a diet consisting of fruits, vegetables, appropriate quantities of vitamins and minerals, and a Mediterranean dietary pattern is associated with a decreased risk of pancreatic cancer.

A Conspectus of Euvolemic Hyponatremia, Its Various Etiologies, and Treatment Modalities: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature.

Hyponatremia is the most prevalent electrolyte imbalance encountered among hospitalized patients, athletes, the elderly, patients with chronic ailments, postoperative patients, and a few asymptomatic individuals. Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia can be diverse, with characteristic neurological symptoms. Depending on in-depth medical history, physical examination (including volume status assessment), laboratory investigation, and drug history, patients can be classified broadly as undergoing hypervolemic, euvolemic, or hypovolemic hyponatremia. However, patients with hypervolemic hyponatremia often present with distinctive signs such as edema or ascites, and the clinical presentation of hypovolemic and euvolemic hyponatremia poses significant challenges for clinicians. The convolution in clinical manifestations of patients is due to the varied etiologies of euvolemic hyponatremia, such as syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), adrenocortical insufficiency, hypothyroidism, psychogenic polydipsia, different classes of drugs (chemotherapeutics, antipsychotics, antidepressants), endurance exercise events, and reset osmostat syndrome (ROS). The management of hyponatremia depends on the rate of hyponatremia onset, duration, severity of symptoms, levels of serum sodium, and underlying comorbidities. Over the last decade, the clinical understanding of hyponatremia has been scattered due to the introduction of innovative laboratory markers and new drugs. This article will be a conspectus of all the recent advancements in the field of diagnosis, investigations, management, and associations of hyponatremia, along with traditional clinical practices. Subsequently, a holistic overview has been laid out for the clinicians to better understand and identify knowledge deficiencies on this topic.

Crohn's Disease is a Greater Risk Factor for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Compared to Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review.

Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are inflammatory bowel diseases that have been associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This systematic review aimed to examine whether Crohn's disease confers a greater risk for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease compared to ulcerative colitis. A comprehensive search of electronic databases from January 2000 to May 2023 was conducted to identify observational studies investigating the association between Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020 checklist ensured transparent reporting, and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess study quality. Data synthesis revealed higher nonalcoholic fatty liver disease prevalence among Crohn's disease patients compared to ulcerative colitis patients across regions. Ten studies published between 2016 and 2022, encompassing a total of 4164 participants from three continents, were included in the review. The median proportion of Crohn's disease patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was 37.22% (range: 10.95-53.80%), while it was 27.55% (range: 8.60-46.20%) for ulcerative colitis patients. Subgroup analysis by region confirmed CD's higher NAFLD risk. Median proportions for CD patients who developed NAFLD from North America, Europe, and Asia were 25.97% (range: 14.6-37.33%), 47.01% (range: 14.2-53.8%), and 20.78% (range: 10.95-30.6%), respectively, and the median proportion of persons with UC who developed NAFLD in studies from North America, Europe, and Asia were 17.28% (range: 8.6-25.96%), 37.70% (range: 25.64-46.20%), and 19.52% (range: 10.14-28.90%), respectively. Variations suggest differing mechanisms, disease features, and therapeutics. Transmural inflammation in Crohn's disease may increase metabolic abnormalities, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Geographic differences in lifestyle, genetics, and environmental variables may also contribute. This review demonstrates that Crohn's disease patients face a higher nonalcoholic fatty liver disease risk than ulcerative colitis patients, emphasizing the need for early monitoring and prevention. Further studies are warranted to understand mechanisms and develop tailored management approaches.

A Review of 10-Year Survivability of Immunotherapy in the Management of Colon Cancer.

Colon cancer is one of the most common cancers in the United States of America. In addition to conventional treatment approaches such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation for colorectal cancer, immunotherapy has gained recognition over the past few years. However, its effectiveness in colorectal cancer treatment is controversial. Our study investigates the survival and progression-free rates of immunotherapy for different types of colorectal cancer over the last 10 years. We conducted literature reviews from various clinical trials and research studies to evaluate immunotherapy's role in colorectal cancer treatment. We also investigated how it affects clinical outcomes. We discovered a range of effective immunotherapy approaches targeting various growth factors and signaling pathways. These modalities include monoclonal antibodies aimed at growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and downstream signaling pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS), B-raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAF), and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). Additionally, we identified immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors, as well as target therapy and adoptive cell therapy as promising immunotherapeutic options. Nevertheless, the application of immunotherapy remains highly limited due to various factors influencing survival and progression-free rates, including tumor microenvironment, microsatellite instability, immune checkpoint expression, and gut microbiome. Additionally, its effectiveness is restricted to a small subgroup of patients, accompanied by side effects and the development of drug resistance mechanisms. To unlock its full potential, further clinical trials and research on molecular pathways in colorectal cancer are imperative. This will ultimately enhance drug discovery success and lead to more effective clinical management approaches.

Early Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review and Analysis of the Risks and Benefits.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition made up of enduring challenges in social communication and interaction and the presence of repetitive and restricted behavior patterns. Early diagnosis of autism is crucial for timely intervention and improved long-term outcomes. This review aims to explore some of its signs and symptoms, look into some diagnostic tools, and analyze the benefits and risks associated with an early diagnosis of autism. The symptoms of ASD vary from child to child, some of which are: avoidance of eye contact, lack of response to names, excessive fear, and lack of interactive and pretend play. Early identification of these symptoms by caregivers and healthcare providers facilitates the need for diagnosis and appropriate interventions. Some screening and diagnostic tools that have been found to help make the diagnosis are the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised with Follow-Up (M-CHAT-R/F), the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), the Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS), and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), amongst others. The benefits of early diagnosis include the opportunity for early intervention, which has been shown to enhance developmental outcomes and improve adaptive skills. Early identification allows for the implementation of specialized interventions tailored to the specific needs of individuals with autism, targeting social communication, language development, and behavioral challenges. Furthermore, early diagnosis enables families to access appropriate support services, educational resources, and community programs, facilitating better coping mechanisms, reducing parental stress, and increasing adult independence. However, early diagnosis of autism also entails certain risks. One significant concern is the potential for labeling and stigmatization, which can impact the child's self-esteem and social interactions. There is a risk of overdiagnosis or misdiagnosis, leading to unnecessary interventions and treatments. Additionally, the diagnostic process can be lengthy, complex, and emotionally challenging for families, requiring comprehensive assessments by multidisciplinary teams. This review highlights the importance of a balanced approach when considering the benefits and risks of early diagnosis. Early identification allows for timely interventions that significantly improve developmental outcomes and quality of life for individuals with autism. To mitigate the risks, it is crucial to ensure accurate and reliable diagnostic procedures, support families throughout the process, and promote societal awareness and acceptance. We also highlighted some future directions in the management of autism, including the use of biomarkers and the use of artificial intelligence and learning for diagnosing ASD.

Impact of School-Based Interventions on Pediatric Obesity: A Systematic Review.

Childhood obesity is a global public health problem with significant implications for the health and well-being of children. The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing every decade, making it a recognized public health concern. This systematic review aims to explore and evaluate the impact of school-based interventions on reducing pediatric obesity among school-aged children. A systematic review of literature according to the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 was conducted. Google Scholar, PubMed, and Cochrane were the databases used. After screening for bias, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and quality, 27 studies were included in the systematic review, and data were synthesized. The results show that physical activity reduces obesity and improves cardiovascular health. The nutritional change reduces the risk of obesity more than physical activity alone. When blended, the two provide the most benefits for participants. Motivation, self-efficacy, and behavioral change could help maintain the improvements. Schools should adopt a blend of physical activity and nutritional change to reduce prevent, reduce, and manage obesity.

Racial Disparities and Outcomes of Percutaneous Coronary Interventions in Patients Above 65 Years in America: A Systematic Review.

This systematic review aims to examine the racial disparities and outcomes of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) in patients above 65 years in America. The review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines 2020 and includes a comprehensive search strategy, study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment. The search strategy identified 10 relevant articles that were included in the review. The findings indicate that racial disparities exist in access to PCI, door-to-balloon (DTB) time, procedure utilization, and outcomes among elderly patients. African American and Hispanic patients were found to experience longer door-to-balloon time and lower rates of PCI utilization compared to White patients. Moreover, racial and ethnic minorities had worse clinical outcomes, including higher mortality rates and increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. The review also highlights the impact of Medicaid expansion on reducing disparities in access, treatment, and outcomes for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, limitations in data availability and representation of racial and ethnic minorities in clinical trials were identified. The discussion section provides a robust analysis of the findings, exploring potential underlying factors contributing to the observed disparities. The review concludes that addressing racial disparities in PCI outcomes among elderly patients is crucial for achieving equitable healthcare delivery and improving cardiovascular health outcomes in America.

A Systematic Review of Myocarditis Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: How Concerning Is the Most Common Cardiotoxicity of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors?

Novel cancer therapies have revolutionized the management of various cancers. An immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) is one of these antitumor medications. ICIs, which are immune therapies, enhance the immune system's capacity to fight cancer cells. Based on the receptors that they inhibit, such as PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, ICIs are subdivided. Although this class of drugs is extremely beneficial for cancer patients, their adverse effects can be fatal. Multiple organs, such as the cardiovascular system, may be impacted by immune-related adverse effects (irAEs). These cardiotoxic irAEs can occur at a rate of up to 1% and can be fatal. Myocarditis is the most prevalent of all cardiotoxicities. The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the seriousness of myocarditis, the most prevalent cardiotoxicity of ICIs, and the importance of screening. We chose studies based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 criteria. Therefore, from 2018 to 2023, we gathered articles from databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Of the 665 studies identified based on various screening methods and quality assessment tools, 13 were selected for inclusion in the study. This study shows that although the risk of myocarditis in ICI therapy is low and the majority of cases are asymptomatic or mild, some cases can be deadly and disastrous, and physicians should be aware that if myocarditis is suspected based on clinical symptoms, troponin, electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram, treatment should be initiated accordingly.

COVID-19 Infection Presenting With Severe Hydrocephalus and Acute Stroke: A Case Report.

Hydrocephalus is the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the cerebral ventricles and is considered an emergency in acute presentation. Hydrocephalus typically presents with symptoms of headache, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, vision changes and seizure; furthermore, narrowing down the underlying etiology of hydrocephalus can aid in treatment and management options. We present a rare case of a patient that presented with a recent diagnosis of COVID-19 and was found to have acute hydrocephalus and stroke. The aim of this case report is to explore the link between COVID-19 and the development of hydrocephalus and stroke by delineating the underlying pathophysiology of COVID-19 as well as the etiologies of hydrocephalus and possible management strategies. We hope to highlight the importance of keeping an open differential for presentations of headaches and also emphasize the potential complications of COVID-19 infection to help better patient outcomes.