Proteomic Analysis Reveals a Predominant NFE2L2 (NRF2) Signature in Canonical Pathway and Upstream Regulator Analysis of Leishmania-Infected Macrophages.

CBA mice macrophages (MØ) control infection by Leishmania major and are susceptive to Leishmania amazonensis, suggesting that both parasite species induce distinct responses that play important roles in infection outcome. To evaluate the MØ responses to infection arising from these two Leishmania species, a proteomic study using a Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) approach with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was carried out on CBA mice bone-marrow MØ (BMMØ). Following SEQUEST analysis, which revealed 2,838 proteins detected in BMMØ, data mining approach found six proteins significantly associated with the tested conditions. To investigate their biological significance, enrichment analysis was performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). A three steps IPA approach revealed 4 Canonical Pathways (CP) and 7 Upstream Transcriptional Factors (UTFs) strongly associated with the infection process. NRF2 signatures were present in both CPs and UTFs pathways. Proteins involved in iron metabolism, such as heme oxigenase 1 (HO-1) and ferritin besides sequestosome (SQSMT1 or p62) were found in the NRF2 CPs and the NRF2 UTFs. Differences in the involvement of iron metabolism pathway in Leishmania infection was revealed by the presence of HO-1 and ferritin. Noteworty, HO-1 was strongly associated with L. amazonensis infection, while ferritin was regulated by both species. As expected, higher HO-1 and p62 expressions were validated in L. amazonensis-infected BMMØ, in addition to decreased expression of ferritin and nitric oxide production. Moreover, BMMØ incubated with L. amazonensis LPG also expressed higher levels of HO-1 in comparison to those stimulated with L. major LPG. In addition, L. amazonensis-induced uptake of holoTf was higher than that induced by L. major in BMMØ, and holoTf was also detected at higher levels in vacuoles induced by L. amazonensis. Taken together, these findings indicate that NRF2 pathway activation and increased HO-1 production, together with higher levels of holoTf uptake, may promote permissiveness to L. amazonensis infection. In this context, differences in protein signatures triggered in the host by L. amazonensis and L. major infection could drive the outcomes in distinct clinical forms of leishmaniasis.

Avaliação do papel do ferro e de proteínas envolvidas em seu metabolismo na infecção in vitro de macrófagos por Leishmania amazonenses ou Leishmania major / Iron paper and evaluation of proteins involved in the metabolism of macrophages in vitro infection by Leishmania amazonenses or Leishmania major

A leishmaniose é uma antropozoonose causada por protozoários do gênero Leishmania e é considerada uma das principais doenças negligenciadas. Modelos experimentais são amplamente utilizados para uma melhor compreensão da doença e dos mecanismos relacionados à resistência e susceptibilidade à infecção. Macrófagos de camundongos CBA controlam a infecção por Leishmania major ao passo que são permissivos a Leishmania amazonensis. Além disso, estudos baseados em abordagem proteômica demonstraram padrões distintos de expressão proteica em macrófagos derivados de medula óssea (BMMΦ) infectados por essas espécies de Leishmania. Dentre as proteínas diferentemente expressas, foram identificadas proteínas envolvidas no metabolismo de ferro moduladas positivamente em macrófagos infectados por L. amazonensis. Adicionalmente, embora ainda existam controvérsias, diversos estudos têm abordado a participação do elemento ferro na interação parasito-hospedeiro e no estabelecimento das infecções por tripanossomatídeos, incluindo Leishmania. Assim, para melhor compreender os mecanismos envolvidos nessa doença, o presente estudo buscou explorar o modelo comparativo de resistência e suscetibilidade do camundongo CBA para determinar o papel do ferro na infecção por Leishmania. Nossa hipótese é que a expressão de proteínas envolvidas no metabolismo de ferro é modulada diferentemente em macrófagos de camundongos CBA infectados por L. amazonensis, em comparação à L. major, favorecendo a sobrevivência intracelular do parasito. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a expressão de proteínas que participam do metabolismo de ferro, como receptor de transferrina (Tf), CD71, e heme oxigenasse-1, HO-1, e determinar o efeito da modulação da disponibilidade de ferro na infecção por Leishmania. Observamos maior expressão de HO-1 em BMMΦ infectados por L. amazonensis (18,34 ± SD ng/mL), quando comparados a BMMΦ infectados por L. major (7,07 ± SD ng/mL), utilizando ELISA. Maior expressão de CD71 também foi observada na infecção por L. amazonensis (MFI 2.103) em comparação à infecção por L. major (MFI 472), utilizando FACS, além de uma maior ligação e captação de HoloTf (Tf carregada com ferro). Embora tenha sido observado que essas proteínas encontram-se diferentemente expressas em BMMΦ infectados por essas duas espécies de Leishmania, não foram observadas diferenças significativas na concentração intracelular do ferro. Em seguida, ensaios funcionais a partir da modulação da disponibilidade intracelular de ferro foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar seu papel no desfecho da infecção por Leishmania. Os resultados mostraram que a depleção de ferro reduz em 90% o percentual de BMMΦ infectados por L. amazonensis e 70% dos infectados por L. major...

Leishmaniasis is an anthropozoonosis caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania and is considered one of the main neglected diseases. Animal models are widely used to better understand the disease and the mechanisms involved in resistance and susceptibility to infection. CBA mouse macrophages control the infection by L. major, while are permissive to L. amazonensis. Proteomic studies showed different protein profiles in bone marrow macrophages (BMMΦ) infected these species of Leishmania. We also observed that proteins involved in iron metabolism were positively modulated in L. amazonensis-infected macrophages. In addition, although literature review showed controverse data, several studies have addressed the role iron plays in host-parasite interaction and the establishment of trypanosomatids infections, including Leishmania. To better understand the mechanisms of the disease, this study sought to evaluate in a comparative model of resistance and susceptibility, using CBA macrophages, the role iron plays in Leishmania infection. Our hypothesis is that the expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism is differently modulated in CBA mice macrophages infected with L. amazonensis in comparison to L. major, favoring the intracellular survival of the parasite. Our goal was to evaluate the expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism of CBA mice macrophages, such as transferrin receptor (Tf), CD71, and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and determine the effect of the modulation of intracellular iron in Leishmania infection. Using ELISA, we confirmed a higher expression of HO-1 in L. amazonensis- (18.34 ng/mL) compared to L. major-infected CBA macrophages (7.07 ng/mL). Using FACS analysis, CD71 showed to be higher expressed in L. amazonensis- (MFI 2.103) than in L. major-infected macrophages (MFI 472), in addition to higher binding and take up of HoloTf in these cells. Although it has been observed that proteins involved in iron metabolism were differently expressed in BMMΦ infected with these Leishmania species, no significant differences were observed in intracellular iron concentration. To further evaluate the role iron plays in the outcome of Leishmania infection, we modulated iron availability to Leishmania-infected cells using iron chelates or iron supplements. The results show that iron depletion reduces in 90% L. amazonensis infection and in 70% L. major infection. In addition, iron supplementation increased the percentage of L. amazonensis-infected cells from 69.64 to 82.79% and parasite load from 2,996 to 4,001 Leishmania/cell, as well as in the intracellular viability of both Leishmania species. In sum, these data indicate that although there is a positive modulation...