Transition metals and oxidation reactions trigger stargate opening during the initial stages of the replicative cycle of the giant Tupanvirus.

Tupanviruses, members of the family Mimiviridae, infect phagocytic cells. Particle uncoating begins inside the phagosome, with capsid opening via the stargate. The mechanism through which this opening takes place is unknown. Once phagocytized, metal ion flux control and ROS are induced to inactivate foreign particles, including viruses. Here, we studied the effect of iron ions, copper ions, and H2O2 on Tupanvirus particles. Such treatments induced stargate opening in vitro, as observed by different microscopy techniques. Metal-treated viruses were found to be non-infectious, leading to the hypothesis that stargate opening likely resulted in the release of the viral seed, which is required for infection initiation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of a giant virus capsid morphological change induced by transition metals and H2O2, which may be important to describe new virulence factors and capsid uncoating mechanisms.

Cytopathic effects in Mimivirus infection: understanding the kinetics of virus-cell interaction.

BACKGROUND: Giant viruses have brought new insights into different aspects of virus-cell interactions. The resulting cytopathic effects from these interactions are one of the main aspects of infection assessment in a laboratory routine, mainly reflecting on the morphological features of an infected cell. OBJECTIVES: In this work, we follow the entire kinetics of the cytopathic effect in cells infected by viruses of the Mimiviridae family, spatiotemporally quantifying typical features such as cell roundness, loss of motility, decrease in cell area and cell lysis. METHODS: Infections by Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus (APMV), Tupanvirus (TPV) and M4 were carried out at multiplicity of infection (MOI) 1 and MOI 10 in Acanthamoeba castellanii. Monitoring of infections was carried out using time lapse microscopy for up to 72 hours. The images were analyzed using ImageJ software. FINDINGS: The data obtained indicate that APMV is the slowest virus in inducing the cytopathic effects of rounding, decrease in cell area, mobility and cell lysis. However, it is the only virus whose MOI increase accelerates the lysis process of infected cells. In turn, TPV and M4 rapidly induce morphological and behavioral changes. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that mimiviruses induce different temporal responses within the host cell and that it is possible to use these kinetic data to facilitate the understanding of infection by these viruses.

Cytopathic effects in Mimivirus infection: understanding the kinetics of virus-cell interaction

BACKGROUND Giant viruses have brought new insights into different aspects of virus-cell interactions. The resulting cytopathic effects from these interactions are one of the main aspects of infection assessment in a laboratory routine, mainly reflecting on the morphological features of an infected cell. OBJECTIVES In this work, we follow the entire kinetics of the cytopathic effect in cells infected by viruses of the Mimiviridae family, spatiotemporally quantifying typical features such as cell roundness, loss of motility, decrease in cell area and cell lysis. METHODS Infections by Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus (APMV), Tupanvirus (TPV) and M4 were carried out at multiplicity of infection (MOI) 1 and MOI 10 in Acanthamoeba castellanii. Monitoring of infections was carried out using time lapse microscopy for up to 72 hours. The images were analyzed using ImageJ software. FINDINGS The data obtained indicate that APMV is the slowest virus in inducing the cytopathic effects of rounding, decrease in cell area, mobility and cell lysis. However, it is the only virus whose MOI increase accelerates the lysis process of infected cells. In turn, TPV and M4 rapidly induce morphological and behavioral changes. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that mimiviruses induce different temporal responses within the host cell and that it is possible to use these kinetic data to facilitate the understanding of infection by these viruses.

Bacteriophage P22 Capsid as a Pluripotent Nanotechnology Tool.

The Salmonella enterica bacteriophage P22 is one of the most promising models for the development of virus-like particle (VLP) nanocages. It possesses an icosahedral T = 7 capsid, assembled by the combination of two structural proteins: the coat protein (gp5) and the scaffold protein (gp8). The P22 capsid has the remarkable capability of undergoing structural transition into three morphologies with differing diameters and wall-pore sizes. These varied morphologies can be explored for the design of nanoplatforms, such as for the development of cargo internalization strategies. The capsid proteic nature allows for the extensive modification of its structure, enabling the addition of non-native structures to alter the VLP properties or confer them to diverse ends. Various molecules were added to the P22 VLP through genetic, chemical, and other means to both the capsid and the scaffold protein, permitting the encapsulation or the presentation of cargo. This allows the particle to be exploited for numerous purposes-for example, as a nanocarrier, nanoreactor, and vaccine model, among other applications. Therefore, the present review intends to give an overview of the literature on this amazing particle.

[Interfederative consortium and hospital management in the Brazilian Unified National Health System in Bahia State, Brazil: the decision-making process in the light of neo-institutionalism]. / Consórcio interfederativo e gestão hospitalar no Sistema Único de Saúde na Bahia, Brasil: o processo decisório à luz do neoinstitucionalismo.

This article analyzes the decision for the Interfederative Health Consortium (CIS) model as an alternative for the management of a hospital of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) in Bahia, Brazil. Agreements were reviewed and semi-structured interviews were conducted with key actors at the central level of the Bahia State Health Department (Sesab) and the CIS Northeast II. The findings were analyzed considering the theoretical framework of neo-institutionalism, emphasizing the characterization of the historical and political-institutional context within the SUS, the actors involved in decision making, and the rules and guidelines of both institutions, Sesab and the CIS. The results showed the decision was predominantly guided by political motivations of state and municipal executives, based on the purpose of decentralizing the management of health actions and services and regionalization, with predominant actions of actors linked with the government and incipient participation of the technical area of the Sesab. Also, in convergence with the theoretical framework adopted, there were rules and guidelines inherent to both institutions, Sesab and CIS, which contributed to the adoption of the model and other elements of the historical context that also affected the decision-making process. This study contributed to a better understanding of the operationalization logic of hospital care management in SUS Bahia, with its multiple factors, stimulating the development of new investigations about management models in SUS. reduction of the burden and costs of hospital admission due to neglected tropical diseases in the state.

Este artigo analisa a decisão pelo modelo de Consórcio Interfederativo de Saúde (CIS) como alternativa para a gestão de um hospital do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) na Bahia, Brasil. Para tanto, foram revisados instrumentos contratuais e realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores-chave do nível central da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia (Sesab) e do CIS Nordeste II. Os achados foram explorados à luz do referencial teórico do neoinstitucionalismo, enfatizando-se a caracterização do contexto histórico e político-institucional no âmbito do SUS, os atores envolvidos na tomada de decisão e as regras e normas de ambas as instituições. Os resultados evidenciaram que a decisão foi guiada predominantemente por motivações políticas dos executivos estadual e municipais, ancoradas no propósito de descentralização da gestão das ações e serviços de saúde e da regionalização, com atuação predominante de atores vinculados à cúpula governamental e participação incipiente da área técnica da Sesab. Ademais, e em convergência com o referencial teórico adotado, regras e normas inerentes à ambas as instituições, Sesab e CIS, contribuíram para a adoção do modelo, além de outros elementos do contexto histórico que também interferiram no processo decisório. O estudo contribuiu para melhor compreender a lógica de operacionalização da gestão da atenção hospitalar no SUS Bahia, considerando os múltiplos fatores que a permeiam e estimulando, a partir das evidências produzidas, o desenvolvimento de novas investigações sobre os modelos de gestão no SUS.

Este artículo analiza la decisión por el modelo de Consorcio Interfederativo de Salud (CIS) como alternativa para la gestión de un hospital del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) en Bahia, Brasil. Para ello, fueron revisados instrumentos contractuales y realizadas entrevistas semiestructuradas con actores clave del nivel central de la Secretaría Estatal de Salud de Bahia (Sesab) y del CIS Nordeste II. Los hallazgos fueron explorados a la luz del referencial teórico del neoinstitucionalismo, destacando la caracterización del contexto histórico y político-institucional en el ámbito del SUS, los actores involucrados en la toma de decisiones y las normas y reglamentos de ambas instituciones, Sesab y CIS. Los resultados mostraron que la decisión fue guiada predominantemente por motivaciones políticas de los ejecutivos estatales y municipales, ancladas en el propósito de descentralización de la gestión de las acciones y servicios de salud y de la regionalización, con actuación predominante de actores vinculados a la cúpula gubernamental y participación incipiente del área técnica de la Sesab. Además, y en convergencia con el referencial teórico adoptado, hubo reglas y normas inherentes a ambas instituciones, Sesab y CIS, que contribuyeron para la adopción del modelo, además de otros elementos del contexto histórico que también interfirieron en el proceso de toma de decisiones. El estudio contribuyó para comprender mejor la lógica de operacionalización de la gestión de la atención hospitalaria en el SUS Bahia, con los múltiples factores que la impregnan, estimulando, a partir de las evidencias producidas, el desarrollo de nuevas investigaciones sobre los modelos de gestión en el SUS.

Consórcio interfederativo e gestão hospitalar no Sistema Único de Saúde na Bahia, Brasil: o processo decisório à luz do neoinstitucionalismo / Interfederative consortium and hospital management in the Brazilian Unified National Health System in Bahia State, Brazil: the decision-making process in the light of neo-institutionalism / Consorcio interfederativo y gestión hospitalaria en el Sistema Único de Salud en Bahia, Brasil: el proceso de toma de decisiones a la luz del neoinstitucionalismo

Este artigo analisa a decisão pelo modelo de Consórcio Interfederativo de Saúde (CIS) como alternativa para a gestão de um hospital do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) na Bahia, Brasil. Para tanto, foram revisados instrumentos contratuais e realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores-chave do nível central da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia (Sesab) e do CIS Nordeste II. Os achados foram explorados à luz do referencial teórico do neoinstitucionalismo, enfatizando-se a caracterização do contexto histórico e político-institucional no âmbito do SUS, os atores envolvidos na tomada de decisão e as regras e normas de ambas as instituições. Os resultados evidenciaram que a decisão foi guiada predominantemente por motivações políticas dos executivos estadual e municipais, ancoradas no propósito de descentralização da gestão das ações e serviços de saúde e da regionalização, com atuação predominante de atores vinculados à cúpula governamental e participação incipiente da área técnica da Sesab. Ademais, e em convergência com o referencial teórico adotado, regras e normas inerentes à ambas as instituições, Sesab e CIS, contribuíram para a adoção do modelo, além de outros elementos do contexto histórico que também interferiram no processo decisório. O estudo contribuiu para melhor compreender a lógica de operacionalização da gestão da atenção hospitalar no SUS Bahia, considerando os múltiplos fatores que a permeiam e estimulando, a partir das evidências produzidas, o desenvolvimento de novas investigações sobre os modelos de gestão no SUS.

This article analyzes the decision for the Interfederative Health Consortium (CIS) model as an alternative for the management of a hospital of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) in Bahia, Brazil. Agreements were reviewed and semi-structured interviews were conducted with key actors at the central level of the Bahia State Health Department (Sesab) and the CIS Northeast II. The findings were analyzed considering the theoretical framework of neo-institutionalism, emphasizing the characterization of the historical and political-institutional context within the SUS, the actors involved in decision making, and the rules and guidelines of both institutions, Sesab and the CIS. The results showed the decision was predominantly guided by political motivations of state and municipal executives, based on the purpose of decentralizing the management of health actions and services and regionalization, with predominant actions of actors linked with the government and incipient participation of the technical area of the Sesab. Also, in convergence with the theoretical framework adopted, there were rules and guidelines inherent to both institutions, Sesab and CIS, which contributed to the adoption of the model and other elements of the historical context that also affected the decision-making process. This study contributed to a better understanding of the operationalization logic of hospital care management in SUS Bahia, with its multiple factors, stimulating the development of new investigations about management models in SUS. reduction of the burden and costs of hospital admission due to neglected tropical diseases in the state.

Este artículo analiza la decisión por el modelo de Consorcio Interfederativo de Salud (CIS) como alternativa para la gestión de un hospital del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) en Bahia, Brasil. Para ello, fueron revisados instrumentos contractuales y realizadas entrevistas semiestructuradas con actores clave del nivel central de la Secretaría Estatal de Salud de Bahia (Sesab) y del CIS Nordeste II. Los hallazgos fueron explorados a la luz del referencial teórico del neoinstitucionalismo, destacando la caracterización del contexto histórico y político-institucional en el ámbito del SUS, los actores involucrados en la toma de decisiones y las normas y reglamentos de ambas instituciones, Sesab y CIS. Los resultados mostraron que la decisión fue guiada predominantemente por motivaciones políticas de los ejecutivos estatales y municipales, ancladas en el propósito de descentralización de la gestión de las acciones y servicios de salud y de la regionalización, con actuación predominante de actores vinculados a la cúpula gubernamental y participación incipiente del área técnica de la Sesab. Además, y en convergencia con el referencial teórico adoptado, hubo reglas y normas inherentes a ambas instituciones, Sesab y CIS, que contribuyeron para la adopción del modelo, además de otros elementos del contexto histórico que también interfirieron en el proceso de toma de decisiones. El estudio contribuyó para comprender mejor la lógica de operacionalización de la gestión de la atención hospitalaria en el SUS Bahia, con los múltiples factores que la impregnan, estimulando, a partir de las evidencias producidas, el desarrollo de nuevas investigaciones sobre los modelos de gestión en el SUS.

Hospital contingency in coping with COVID-19 in Brazil: governmental problems and alternatives. / Contingência hospitalar no enfrentamento da COVID-19 no Brasil: problemas e alternativas governamentais.

This paper analyzes the government's strategic agenda for coping with COVID-19 in Brazil, focusing on hospital care. Twenty-eight Contingency Plans were analyzed in full, one national, 26 at state level, and one from the Federal District. The Public Policy Cycle's theoretical framework was used, specifically governmental pre-decision and decision to face the pandemic. The evidence revealed convergences between the national and state levels concerning proposals for reorienting care flow, detecting cases, and indicating referral hospitals. However, the state agendas revealed weaknesses in acquiring mechanical ventilation devices, sizing human resources, and regionalizing hospital care. Moreover, few states have established a method for calculating back-end beds, mainly regarding the outlook of opening hospitals of reference or contracting additional ICU beds. We can conclude that the heterogeneous actions explained in the plans show the complex process of coping with COVID-19 in Brazil with its regional inequalities, weaknesses in the state health systems, and reduced coordination by the Ministry of Health.

Este artigo analisa a agenda governamental estratégica para enfrentamento da COVID-19 no Brasil, com foco na atenção hospitalar. Foram analisados 28 Planos de Contingência na íntegra, sendo 01 nacional, 26 estaduais e 01 do Distrito Federal. Utilizou-se o referencial teórico do Ciclo da Política Pública, especificamente os momentos de pré-decisão e decisão governamental para o enfrentamento da pandemia. As evidências revelaram convergências entre os níveis nacional e estaduais quanto às propostas de reorientação do fluxo de atendimento, detecção dos casos e indicação de hospitais de referência. Todavia, as agendas estaduais demonstraram fragilidades correlacionadas à aquisição de aparelhos de ventilação mecânica, dimensionamento de recursos humanos, regionalização da atenção hospitalar, além de poucos estados terem estabelecido um método de cálculo de leitos de retaguarda, principalmente quanto a previsão de abertura de hospitais de referência ou contratação complementar de leitos de UTI. Conclui-se que a heterogeneidade de ações explicitadas nos planos revelaa complexidade do processo de enfrentamento da COVID-19 no Brasil com suas desigualdades regionais, fragilidades dos sistemas estaduais de saúde e reduzida coordenação do Ministério da Saúde.

Contingência hospitalar no enfrentamento da COVID-19 no Brasil: problemas e alternativas governamentais / Hospital contingency in coping with COVID-19 in Brazil: governmental problems and alternatives

Resumo Este artigo analisa a agenda governamental estratégica para enfrentamento da COVID-19 no Brasil, com foco na atenção hospitalar. Foram analisados 28 Planos de Contingência na íntegra, sendo 01 nacional, 26 estaduais e 01 do Distrito Federal. Utilizou-se o referencial teórico do Ciclo da Política Pública, especificamente os momentos de pré-decisão e decisão governamental para o enfrentamento da pandemia. As evidências revelaram convergências entre os níveis nacional e estaduais quanto às propostas de reorientação do fluxo de atendimento, detecção dos casos e indicação de hospitais de referência. Todavia, as agendas estaduais demonstraram fragilidades correlacionadas à aquisição de aparelhos de ventilação mecânica, dimensionamento de recursos humanos, regionalização da atenção hospitalar, além de poucos estados terem estabelecido um método de cálculo de leitos de retaguarda, principalmente quanto a previsão de abertura de hospitais de referência ou contratação complementar de leitos de UTI. Conclui-se que a heterogeneidade de ações explicitadas nos planos revelaa complexidade do processo de enfrentamento da COVID-19 no Brasil com suas desigualdades regionais, fragilidades dos sistemas estaduais de saúde e reduzida coordenação do Ministério da Saúde.

Abstract This paper analyzes the government's strategic agenda for coping with COVID-19 in Brazil, focusing on hospital care. Twenty-eight Contingency Plans were analyzed in full, one national, 26 at state level, and one from the Federal District. The Public Policy Cycle's theoretical framework was used, specifically governmental pre-decision and decision to face the pandemic. The evidence revealed convergences between the national and state levels concerning proposals for reorienting care flow, detecting cases, and indicating referral hospitals. However, the state agendas revealed weaknesses in acquiring mechanical ventilation devices, sizing human resources, and regionalizing hospital care. Moreover, few states have established a method for calculating back-end beds, mainly regarding the outlook of opening hospitals of reference or contracting additional ICU beds. We can conclude that the heterogeneous actions explained in the plans show the complex process of coping with COVID-19 in Brazil with its regional inequalities, weaknesses in the state health systems, and reduced coordination by the Ministry of Health.

Protected fatty acid supplementation during estrus synchronization treatment on reproductive parameters of dairy goats.

This study evaluated the effect of the protected fatty acid inclusion during estrus synchronization on reproductive parameters. Goats (n = 32) received progestagen sponges for 6 days and 200 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin and 30 µg d-cloprostenol were given on Day 5. No difference was found among control (C), 1% protected fatty acid inclusion (C + 1%) or 4% protected fatty acid inclusion (C + 4%) groups, respectively, in estrus (100.0, 100.0 or 90.9%), estrus duration (31.6 ± 12.3; 43.2 ± 12.9 or 40.8 ± 14.1 h), animals ovulating (100.0, 90.0 or 100.0%) or ovulation rate (1.3 ± 0.5; 1.1 ± 0.3 or 1.2 ± 0.4). The interval from sponge removal to ovulation and from estrus to ovulation, respectively, were shorter for C + 4% (45.2 ± 8.0 h; 18.3 ± 11.0 h) compared with C (56.3 ± 12.6 h; 30.6 ± 10.5 h) or C + 1% (57.7 ± 8.7 h; 30.3 ± 11.1 h). The average ovulatory follicle diameter was smaller for C + 4% (6.2 ± 0.7 mm) than C (7.5 ± 0.8 mm), but similar to C + 1% (7.0 ± 1.5 mm). Insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, glucose and progesterone concentrations were similar among groups. The inclusion of protected fatty acid during synchronization treatment promoted no benefits on ovulation rate, but 4% anticipated the ovulation time.