Evaluation of Hot Pressing Processing by Physical Properties of Ecofriendly Composites Reinforced by Eucalyptus Sawdust and Chamotte Residues.

The particleboard industry consumes large amounts of raw material, and this type of product consumption has been increasing over the last few years. The research for alternative raw materials becomes interesting, since most of the resources come from planted forests. In addition, the investigation of new raw materials must take into account environmentally correct solutions, such as the use of alternative natural fibers, use of agro-industrial residues, and resins of vegetable origin. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical properties of panels manufactured by hot pressing using eucalyptus sawdust, chamotte, and polyurethane resin based on castor oil as raw materials. Eight formulations were designed with variations of 0, 5, 10, and 15% of chamotte, and two variations of resin with 10% and 15% of volumetric fraction. Tests of gravimetric density, X-ray densitometry, moisture content, water absorption, thickness swelling, and scanning electron microscopy were carried out. Through the results it can be noticed that the incorporation of chamotte in the manufacture of the panels increased the water absorption and the swelling in thickness, around 100% and the use of 15% of resin decreased, more than 50%, the values of these properties. X-ray densitometry analyzes showed that the addition of chamotte alters the density profile of the panel. In addition, the panels manufactured with 15% resin were classified as P7, the most demanding type on EN 312:2010 standard.

Assessment of Hydrothermal Treatment Effects on Coir Fibers for Incorporation into Polyurethane Matrix Biocomposites Derived from Castor Oil.

The incorporation of natural lignocellulosic fibers as reinforcements in polymer composites has witnessed significant growth due to their biodegradability, cost-effectiveness, and mechanical properties. This study aims to evaluate castor-oil-based polyurethane (COPU), incorporating different contents of coconut coir fibers, 5, 10, and 15 wt%. The investigation includes analysis of the physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties of these composites. Additionally, this study evaluates the influence of hydrothermal treatment on the fibers, conducted at 120 °C and 98 kPa for 30 min, on the biocomposites' properties. Both coir fibers (CFs) and hydrothermal-treated coir fibers (HTCFs) were subjected to comprehensive characterization, including lignocellulosic composition analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The biocomposites were subjected to water absorption analysis, bending tests, XRD, SEM, FTIR, and TGA. The results indicate that the 30 min hydrothermal treatment reduces the extractive content, enhancing the interfacial adhesion between the fiber and the matrix, as evidenced by SEM. Notably, the composite containing 5 wt% CF exhibits a reduced water absorption, approaching the level observed in pure COPU. The inclusion of 15 wt% HTCF results in a remarkable improvement in the composite's flexural strength (100%), elastic modulus (98%), and toughness (280%) compared to neat COPU. TGA highlights that incorporating CFs into the COPU matrix enhances the material's thermal stability, allowing it to withstand temperatures of up to 500 °C. These findings underscore the potential of CFs as a ductile, lightweight, and cost-effective reinforcement in COPU matrix biocomposites, particularly for engineering applications.

A Novel Approach to Charcoal Fine Waste: Sustainable Use as Filling of Polymeric Matrices.

Most composites produced come from fossil fuel sources. Renewable strategies are needed for the production of composites. Charcoal fines are considered waste and an alternative for the production of biocomposites. The charcoal fines resulting from the pyrolysis of any biomass are an efficient alternative for the production of green composites. Studies to understand how the pyrolysis parameters influence the properties of this material for the production of biocomposites are necessary. Charcoal has a high carbon content and surface area, depending on final production temperatures. This study aims to evaluate charcoal fines as potential reinforcing agents in biocomposites. This study investigated for the first time charcoal fines from three pyrolysis temperatures (400, 600, and 800 °C) to identify the most suitable charcoal for use as a raw material in the production of carbon biocomposites with 30% by weight incorporated into a polyester matrix composite. Apparent density, porosity, morphology, and immediate chemical composition and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of charcoal fines were evaluated. The charcoal fines produced at 800 °C showed interesting potential as polymeric matrix fillers due to their higher porosity (81.08%), fixed carbon content (96.77%), and hydrophobicity. The biocomposites were analyzed for flexural and tensile strength and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed an improvement in resistance at elevated temperatures, especially at 800 °C, with higher breaking strength (84.11 MPa), modulus of elasticity (4064.70 MPa), and traction (23.53 MPa). Scanning electron microscopy revealed an improvement in morphology, with a decrease in roughness at 800 °C, which caused greater adhesion to the polyester matrix. These results revealed a promising new biocomposite compared to other natural lignocellulosic polymeric composites (NLFs) in engineering applications.

Surface Treatments of Coffee Husk Fiber Waste for Effective Incorporation into Polymer Biocomposites.

Natural lignocellulose fibers have been extensively investigated and applied as a reinforcement of polymer composites in industrial applications from food packing to automotive parts. Among the advantages of natural fibers stands their relatively low cost and sustainable characteristics. These are accentuated in the case of residual fibers such as those obtained from coffee husks, an agribusiness waste, usually burnt or disposed into the environment. As composite reinforcement, hydrophilic natural fibers display adhesion problems to the most hydrophobic polymer matrices. This adhesion might be improved with distinct types of fibers surface treatments. In the present work, the effectiveness of three surface treatments applied to coffee husk fiber wastes (CHFW) were investigated, aiming to improve the tensile performance of castor oil-based polyurethane (COPU) biocomposites. The effects of treatments associated with (i) chemical with sodium hydroxide, (ii) physical by temperature and pressure and hydrothermic treatment, and (iii) biological by fermentation with Phanerochaete Chrysosporium fungus were evaluated by means of Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal analyses and morphology by scanning electron microscopy for different concentration of NaOH, different hydrothermic times at 121 °C/98 kPa and exposition to P. chrysosporium. The most effective treatment was the hydrothermal one at 121 °C and 98.06 kPa for 30 min. Preliminary tensile tests were performed in COPU biocomposites reinforced with 20% CHFWs subjected to the optimized conditions for each distinct type of treatment. The results indicated that the hydrothermal treatment promoted significant enhancement in the fiber/matrix interfacial bond, increasing the tensile strength up to 60% compared to COPU reinforced with in natura CHFWs fibers. It is important to mention that these composites can be applied as plastic wood for household items' internal parts and in the automobile industry.

Impact and Tensile Properties of Polyester Nanocomposites Reinforced with Conifer Fiber Cellulose Nanocrystal: A Previous Study Extension.

In a recent paper, novel polyester nanocomposites reinforced with up to 3 wt% of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) extracted from conifer fiber were characterized for their crystallinity index, water absorption, and flexural and thermal resistance. The use of this novel class of nanocomposites as a possible substitute for conventional glass fiber composites (fiberglass) was then suggested, especially for the 1 and 2 wt% CNC composites due to promising bending, density, and water absorption results. However, for effective engineering applications requiring impact and tensile performance, the corresponding properties need to be evaluated. Therefore, this extension of the previous work presents additional results on Izod and tensile tests of 1 and 2 wt% CNC-reinforced polyester composites, together with a comparative cost analysis with fiberglass. The chemical effect caused by incorporation of CNCs into polyester was also investigated by FTIR. In comparison to the neat polyester, the Izod impact energy increased 50% and 16% for the 1 and 2 wt% composites, respectively. On the other hand, the tensile strength and Young's modulus remained constant within the ANOVA statistical analysis. FTIR analysis failed to reveal any chemical modification caused by up to 2 wt% CNC incorporation. The present impact and tensile results corroborate the promising substitution of a polyester composite reinforced with very low amount of CNCs for common fiberglass in engineering application.

Characterization of Polyester Nanocomposites Reinforced with Conifer Fiber Cellulose Nanocrystals.

The application of cellulose nanocrystal has lately been investigated as polymer composites reinforcement owing to favorable characteristics of biodegradability and cost effectiveness as well as superior mechanical properties. In the present work novel nanocomposites of unsaturated polyester matrix reinforced with low amount of 1, 2, and 3 wt% of cellulose nanocrystals obtained from conifer fiber (CNC) were characterized. The polyester matrix and nanocomposites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), bending test, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The result showed that the addition of only 2 wt% CNC increased the nanocomposite flexural strength by 159%, the ductility by 500% and the toughness by 1420%. Fracture analyses by SEM revealed a uniform participation of the CNC in the polyester microstructure. The resistance to thermal degradation of the CNC reinforced nanocomposites was improved in more than 20 °C as compared to neat polyester. No significant changes were detected in the water absorptions and XRD pattern of the neat polyester with incorporations up to 3 wt% CNC. These results reveal that the 2 wt% CNC nanocomposite might be a promising more ductile, lightweight and cost-effective substitute for conventional glass fiber composites in engineering applications.