T3-T4 index as a prognostic marker of response to biological treatments in elderly patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Following the growing trend of trying to individualise treatment in inflammatory bowel disease and in view of the challenge posed by elderly patients requiring biologic treatments, we have conducted a study in our centre to assess the T3/T4 index as a predictor of response to biologic treatments in elderly patients.

ffectiveness and safety of ustekinumab dose escalation in Crohn’s disease: a multicenter observational study / Efectividad y seguridad del aumento de dosis de ustekinumab en la enfermedad de Crohn: un estudio observacional multicéntrico

Background: ustekinumab has proven effective in Crohn’s disease (CD). However, some patients will partially respond or lose response over time. Data supporting the effectiveness of dose escalation in this scenario is scarce. Aim: to evaluate the effectiveness of ustekinumab dose escalation in CD. Methods: patients with active CD (Harvey-Bradshaw ≥ 5) who had received intravenous (IV) induction and at least a subcutaneous (SC) dose were included in this retrospective observational study. Ustekinumab dose was escalated, either via shortening of the interval to six or four weeks or IV reinduction plus shortening to every four weeks. Results: ninety-one patients were included, and ustekinumab dose was escalated after a median of 35 weeks of treatment. At week 16 after intensification, steroid-free clinical response and remission were observed in 62.6 % and 25.3 % of patients, respectively. Systemic corticosteroids were discontinued in 46.7 % of patients who were on corticosteroids at baseline. Follow-up data beyond week 16 were available for 78 % of patients; at the last visit, 66.2 % and 43.7 % were in steroid-free clinical response and remission, respectively. After a median follow-up of 64 weeks, 81 % of patients were still treated with ustekinumab. Adverse events were reported in 4.3 % of patients; these were all mild and did not lead to hospitalization or discontinuation of treatment. Five patients (5.5 %) underwent surgical resection, with no immediate postsurgical complications. Conclusion: ustekinumab dose escalation was effective in recapturing response in over half of the patients. These findings suggest that dose escalation should be considered in patients who experience loss or partial response to the standard maintenance.(AU)

Effectiveness and safety of ustekinumab dose escalation in Crohn's disease: a multicenter observational study.

BACKGROUND: ustekinumab has proven effective in Crohn's disease (CD). However, some patients will partially respond or lose response over time. Data supporting the effectiveness of dose escalation in this scenario is scarce. AIM: to evaluate the effectiveness of ustekinumab dose escalation in CD. METHODS: patients with active CD (Harvey-Bradshaw ≥ 5) who had received intravenous (IV) induction and at least a subcutaneous (SC) dose were included in this retrospective observational study. Ustekinumab dose was escalated, either via shortening of the interval to six or four weeks or IV reinduction plus shortening to every four weeks. RESULTS: ninety-one patients were included, and ustekinumab dose was escalated after a median of 35 weeks of treatment. At week 16 after intensification, steroid-free clinical response and remission were observed in 62.6 % and 25.3 % of patients, respectively. Systemic corticosteroids were discontinued in 46.7 % of patients who were on corticosteroids at baseline. Follow-up data beyond week 16 were available for 78 % of patients; at the last visit, 66.2 % and 43.7 % were in steroid-free clinical response and remission, respectively. After a median follow-up of 64 weeks, 81 % of patients were still treated with ustekinumab. Adverse events were reported in 4.3 % of patients; these were all mild and did not lead to hospitalization or discontinuation of treatment. Five patients (5.5 %) underwent surgical resection, with no immediate postsurgical complications. CONCLUSION: ustekinumab dose escalation was effective in recapturing response in over half of the patients. These findings suggest that dose escalation should be considered in patients who experience loss or partial response to the standard maintenance.

Vitamina D y enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: ¿qué sabemos hasta el momento? / No disponible

En los últimos años se han venido realizando numerosos estudios sobre la función de la vitamina D en diversos procesos tanto fisiológicos como patológicos. Uno de los más interesantes se presenta en la Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, donde se ha observado una gran prevalencia de déficit de esta vitamina en los pacientes que la padecen. Este trabajo pretende revisar la literatura publicada hasta el momento y explicar su relación con la enfermedad, sus factores de riesgo, ponderar la importancia de la exposición solar, describir cómo afecta a los diversos tratamientos de la enfermedad o mostrar el efecto de la suplementación con vitamina en estos pacientes

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Vitamin D and inflammatory bowel disease: what do we know so far?

In the last years,several studies have focused on the involement of vitamin D in different physiological and pathological processes. One of the most interesting actions occurs in the Inflammatory bowel disease, where a higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has been observed. This study aimed to review the literature in order to explain its relationship with the disease, the risk factors, measuring the importance of sun exposure, describing how treatments are affected or observing the effect of vitamin supplementation in this type of patients.

Exposición solar en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal ambulatoria: factores predictivos y correlación con la concentración sérica de vitamina D / Sunlight exposure in inflammatory bowel disease outpatients: Predictive factors and correlation with serum vitamin D

Introducción: La exposición solar es el principal determinante del estado de vitaminaD. Nuestro objetivo fue describir las prácticas de exposición y protección solar de una serie de pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) y evaluar su influencia en la concentración sérica de vitaminaD. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio observacional de tipo transversal. Las variables clínico-demográficas se obtuvieron mediante entrevista clínica y revisión de la historia. La evaluación de la exposición solar se realizó mediante el Sun Exposure Questionnaire. La concentración de 25-hidroxivitaminaD (25OHD) se determinó por electroquimioluminiscencia. Se realizaron cuestionarios de calidad de vida, actividad física, ingesta semanal de vitaminaD y hábitos de protección solar. Resultados: Se incluyeron 149 pacientes. En el 69% de los pacientes se registraron valores deficientes o insuficientes de 25OHD. El 67% presentaron una baja exposición solar. Se observó una modesta correlación significativa entre la puntuación total del cuestionario de exposición solar y la concentración de 25OHD en la serie completa (r=0,226; p=0,006) y en verano (r=0,274; p=0,01). La puntuación del cuestionario de protección solar no influyó en la concentración de 25OHD. En el análisis multivariado solo la presencia de actividad clínica se asoció a una exposición solar baja (OR=3,23). Discusión: La exposición solar de acuerdo con el cuestionario empleado fue baja, se asoció a la presencia de actividad clínica y se correlacionó débilmente con la concentración de 25OHD sérica. Se necesitan más estudios que exploren el uso de cuestionarios individuales de exposición solar y su correlación con la vitaminaD sérica en la EII

Introduction: Sunlight exposure is the main source of vitaminD. Our aim was to describe both sun exposure and sun protection behaviour in a series of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and to study their potential association with vitaminD concentration. Patients and methods: A cross sectional, observational study. The clinical-demographic variables were obtained via clinical interviews and medical history review. The sunlight exposure assessment was carried out using the Sun Exposure Questionnaire and the concentration of 25-hydroxy vitaminD (25OHD) was measured by an electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay. Questionnaires were conducted on quality of life, physical activity, weekly vitaminD intake and sun protection behaviour. Results: 149 patients were included. In 69% of patients, deficient or insufficient 25OHD values were recorded. 67% showed low sun exposure. A modest significant correlation was observed between the total score of the solar exposure questionnaire and the 25OHD concentration in the complete series (r=0.226, P=.006) and in the summer (r=0.274, P=.01). The sun protection behaviour questionnaire score did not influence the 25OHD concentration. In the multivariate analysis, only the presence of clinical activity was associated with low sun exposure (OR=3.23). Discussion: Sun exposure according to the questionnaire used was low, was associated with the presence of clinical activity and was weakly correlated with serum 25OHD concentration. More studies are needed to explore the use of individual questionnaires for sun exposure and its relationship with vitaminD in patients with IBD

Sunlight exposure in inflammatory bowel disease outpatients: Predictive factors and correlation with serum vitaminD. / Exposición solar en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal ambulatoria: factores predictivos y correlación con la concentración sérica de vitamina D.

INTRODUCTION: Sunlight exposure is the main source of vitaminD. Our aim was to describe both sun exposure and sun protection behaviour in a series of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and to study their potential association with vitaminD concentration. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross sectional, observational study. The clinical-demographic variables were obtained via clinical interviews and medical history review. The sunlight exposure assessment was carried out using the Sun Exposure Questionnaire and the concentration of 25-hydroxy vitaminD (25OHD) was measured by an electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay. Questionnaires were conducted on quality of life, physical activity, weekly vitaminD intake and sun protection behaviour. RESULTS: 149 patients were included. In 69% of patients, deficient or insufficient 25OHD values were recorded. 67% showed low sun exposure. A modest significant correlation was observed between the total score of the solar exposure questionnaire and the 25OHD concentration in the complete series (r=0.226, P=.006) and in the summer (r=0.274, P=.01). The sun protection behaviour questionnaire score did not influence the 25OHD concentration. In the multivariate analysis, only the presence of clinical activity was associated with low sun exposure (OR=3.23). DISCUSSION: Sun exposure according to the questionnaire used was low, was associated with the presence of clinical activity and was weakly correlated with serum 25OHD concentration. More studies are needed to explore the use of individual questionnaires for sun exposure and its relationship with vitaminD in patients with IBD.

Vitamin D in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Biological, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D has an immunoregulatory action in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) as well as other immune-mediated disorders. Its influence on intestinal permeability, innate and adaptive immunity, and the composition and diversity of the microbiota contribute to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Patients with IBD have a greater prevalence of vitamin D deficiency than the general population, and a possible association between this deficit and a worse course of the disease. However, intervention studies in patients with IBD have proved inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: To review all the evidence concerning the role of vitamin D as an important factor in the pathophysiology of IBD, review the associations found between its deficiency and the prognosis of the disease, and draw conclusions for the practical application from the main intervention studies undertaken. METHODS: Structured search and review of basic, epidemiological, clinical and intervention studies evaluating the influence of vitamin D in IBD, following the basic principles of scientific data. RESULTS: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with disease activity, quality of life, the consumption of social and healthcare resources, and the durability of anti-TNFα biological treatment. Determination of new metabolites of vitamin D, measurement of its absorption capacity and questionnaires about sun exposure could help identify groups of IBD patients with a special risk of vitamin D deficiency. CONCLUSION: Well-designed intervention studies are needed in IBD, with probably higher objective plasma doses of vitamin D to establish its efficacy as a therapeutic agent with immunomodulatory properties. Meanwhile, vitamin D deficiency should be screened for and corrected in affected patients in order to achieve adequate bone and phosphocalcic metabolism.

Deficiencia de vitamina D en pacientes ambulatorios con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: prevalencia y asociación con la actividad clínica-biológica / Vitamin D deficiency in outpatients with inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and association with clinical-biological activity

Introducción: los datos sobre la prevalencia del déficit de vitamina D en pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) en España son escasos. Dicha deficiencia podría asociarse a un peor curso evolutivo. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de deficiencia de 25-hidroxivitamina D (25OHD) en una cohorte de pacientes ambulatorios con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal y evaluar su asociación con la actividad clínica-biológica, la calidad de vida y síntomas psicológicos. Material y métodos: estudio observacional unicéntrico de tipo transversal. Las variables de estudio se obtuvieron mediante entrevista clínica, revisión del historial médico y cuestionarios validados (escala de ansiedad y depresión hospitalaria y cuestionario corto de calidad de vida de la EII). La determinación de 25OHD fue hecha en el mismo laboratorio por inmunoanálisis de electroquimioluminiscencia. Resultados: se analizaron 224 pacientes. La prevalencia de deficiencia de vitamina D en enfermedad de Crohn (EC) y colitis ulcerosa (CU) fue de un 33,3% y un 20,3% respectivamente. En EC, la deficiencia de vitamina D se asoció con una mayor actividad clínica (p < 0,001) y una mayor concentración de calprotectina fecal (p = 0,01). En CU, hubo asociación con la actividad clínica (p < 0,001), el uso de esteroides en el último semestre (p = 0,001) y los ingresos hospitalarios en el año previo (p = 0,003). En un subanálisis de 149 pacientes no se observó asociación de vitamina D con la calidad de vida ni con las subpuntuaciones de la escala de ansiedad y depresión hospitalaria. Conclusiones: la deficiencia de vitamina D es frecuente en pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. Se observó una asociación entre su concentración y los índices clínicos de actividad, así como con los niveles de calprotectina fecal en enfermedad de Crohn

Introduction: there are few data on the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Spain. A deficiency could be associated with a worse course of the disease. Aim: to determine the prevalence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) deficiency in a cohort of outpatients with IBD and assess its association with clinical and biological activity, quality of life and psychological symptoms. Methods: a cross-sectional, single-center observational study was performed. The study variables were obtained via clinical interviews, medical chart review and validated questionnaires (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Short Quality of Life in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire). 25OHD was measured in the same laboratory by an electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay. Results: the study included 224 patients. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis was 33.3% and 20.3%, respectively. In Crohn's disease, vitamin D deficiency was associated with a higher clinical activity (p < 0.001) and a higher concentration of fecal calprotectin (p = 0.01). In ulcerative colitis, it was associated with clinical activity (p < 0.001), the use of steroids during the last six months (p = 0.001) and hospital admission during the previous year (p = 0.003). A sub-analysis of 149 patients failed to detect an association between vitamin D and quality of life or the scores of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Conclusions: vitamin D deficiency is common in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. An association was found between vitamin D concentration and clinical activity indexes, as well as fecal calprotectin levels in Crohn's disease

Vitamin D deficiency in outpatients with inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and association with clinical-biological activity.

INTRODUCTION: there are few data on the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Spain. A deficiency could be associated with a worse course of the disease. AIM: to determine the prevalence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) deficiency in a cohort of outpatients with IBD and assess its association with clinical and biological activity, quality of life and psychological symptoms. METHODS: a cross-sectional, single-center observational study was performed. The study variables were obtained via clinical interviews, medical chart review and validated questionnaires (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Short Quality of Life in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire). 25OHD was measured in the same laboratory by an electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay. RESULTS: the study included 224 patients. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis was 33.3% and 20.3%, respectively. In Crohn's disease, vitamin D deficiency was associated with a higher clinical activity (p < 0.001) and a higher concentration of fecal calprotectin (p = 0.01). In ulcerative colitis, it was associated with clinical activity (p < 0.001), the use of steroids during the last six months (p = 0.001) and hospital admission during the previous year (p = 0.003). A sub-analysis of 149 patients failed to detect an association between vitamin D and quality of life or the scores of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. CONCLUSIONS: vitamin D deficiency is common in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. An association was found between vitamin D concentration and clinical activity indexes, as well as fecal calprotectin levels in Crohn's disease.

Eficacia y seguridad de vedolizumab como opción terapéutica en colitis ulcerosa moderada-grave refractaria en dos pacientes trasplantados hepáticos por colangitis esclerosante primaria / Efficacy and safety of vedolizumab as a treatment option for moderate to severe refractory ulcerative colitis in two patients after liver transplant due to primary sclerosing cholangitis

Vedolizumab (VDZ), un anticuerpo monoclonal humanizado IgG1 que bloquea selectivamente la integrina α4β7 de los linfocitos impidiendo su interacción con moléculas de adhesión endotelial y su migración a la submucosa del tracto gastrointestinal, fue aprobado en 2014 para el tratamiento de inducción y mantenimiento de la colitis ulcerosa (CU) y la enfermedad de Crohn (EC) moderadagrave refractarias o intolerantes a tratamiento convencional con esteroides e inmunosupresores y/o agentes anti-TNFα. El comportamiento de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal tras el trasplante hepático es variable. En el caso concreto de la CU asociada a colangitis esclerosante primaria (CEP), se estima que un tercio de los pacientes experimentarán un empeoramiento a pesar de recibir inmunosupresión para evitar el rechazo. Si la experiencia con agentes anti-TNFα en pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal en el entorno del trasplante hepático es exigua, con series de casos que incluyen a un número limitado de pacientes, la experiencia descrita sobre la eficacia y seguridad de VDZ en esta situación es anecdótica y muy preliminar. Presentamos dos casos que pretenden ilustrar la eficacia y seguridad de VDZ tras un año de tratamiento en dos pacientes trasplantadas por CEP: una de ellas con CU de novo postrasplante y refractaria a dos agentes anti-TNFα (golimumab e infliximab) y otra paciente colectomizada previamente por colitis fulminante que desarrollo una proctitis ulcerosa grave y refractaria a infliximab tras la reconstrucción del tránsito mediante anastomosis ileorrectal (AU)

Vedolizumab is a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody that selectively blocks the lymphocyte integrin α4β7 and prevents its interaction with endothelial adhesion molecules and subsequent transmigration to the gastrointestinal tract. The drug was approved in 2014 for the induction and maintenance treatment of ulcerative colitis and moderate to severe Crohn’s disease that is refractory or intolerant to conventional treatment with corticoids and immunosuppressants and/or anti-TNFα drugs. However, inflammatory bowel disease has a variable behavior following liver transplant. One third of patients with ulcerative colitis associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis are expected to deteriorate despite receiving immunosuppression to prevent rejection. There is limited experience with anti-TNFα agents in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in the setting of liver transplantation and the studies to date involve a limited number of cases. The efficacy and safety data of vedolizumab in this situation are unreliable and very preliminary. We present two cases with the aim to present the efficacy and safety of vedolizumab after one year of treatment in two patients who underwent a transplant due to primary sclerosing cholangitis. One case had de novo post-transplant ulcerative colitis refractory to two anti-TNFα drugs (golimumab and infliximab). The other patient had a colostomy due to fulminant colitis and developed severe ulcerative proctitis refractory to infliximab after reconstruction with an ileorectal anastomosis (AU)

Eficacia y seguridad a medio-largo plazo de tacrolimus oral en la colitis ulcerosa moderada-grave refractaria a esteroides / Medium to long-term efficacy and safety of oral tacrolimus in moderate to severe steroid refractory ulcerative colitis

Introducción y objetivo: tacrolimus oral es un fármaco efectivo en inducir la remisión clínica en colitis ulcerosa moderada-grave refractaria a esteroides. Sin embargo, los datos con respecto a su efectividad y seguridad a medio-largo plazo son escasos. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la efectividad y seguridad a largo plazo de tacrolimus oral en esta desafiante situación clínica. Métodos: estudio observacional retrospectivo mediante revisión de los registros clínicos de 34 pacientes con colitis ulcerosa moderada-grave refractaria a esteroides tratados con tacrolimus oral en nuestro hospital (julio 2001-julio 2016). Se definieron como remisión un índice de Lichtiger < 3 y como respuesta una puntuación < 10 con una caída de al menos tres puntos con respecto al basal. Resultados y conclusiones: siete pacientes (20,58%) fueron colectomizados durante el periodo de seguimiento (media 65 meses). Nueve pacientes hubieron de ser rescatados con infliximab (cuatro pacientes en los primeros seis meses de seguimiento y los cinco restantes más allá de los seis meses). La efectividad clínica a corto-medio plazo combinando remisión y respuesta clínicas fue del 82% a los seis meses. En el análisis de Kaplan-Meier el porcentaje total de pacientes libres de colectomía y terapia secuencial de rescate adicional fue de 75% a los 54 meses (mediana de seguimiento), sin que la introducción precoz de tiopurinas (< 2 meses desde el inicio de tacrolimus) mejorara significativamente el pronóstico (p = 0,72). Un 53% de pacientes experimentaron efectos adversos, ninguno de los cuales obligaron a suspender el tratamiento. No se documentaron infecciones graves durante el seguimiento (AU)

Background and objective: Oral tacrolimus is an effective drug that induces clinical remission in patients with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroids. However, there is little data with regard to its medium to long-term efficacy and safety. The aim of this study was to assess the medium to long-term efficacy and safety of oral tacrolimus in this challenging clinical situation. Methods: This was a retrospective observational review of the clinical charts of 34 patients with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroids treated with oral tacrolimus at our hospital (July 2001-July 2016). Remission was defined as a Lichtiger index score < 3 and response was defined as a score < 10 with a reduction of at least three points compared to the baseline score. Results and conclusions: Seven patients (20.58%) required colectomy during the follow-up period (mean 65 months). Nine patients required rescue with infliximab (four patients during the first six months of follow-up and the other five after the first six months). The short to medium clinical efficacy combining both remission and clinical response was 82% at six months. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the percentage of patients free from colectomy and additional sequential rescue therapy was 75% at 54 months (median follow-up). The early introduction of thiopurines (< 2 months from start of tacrolimus) showed no significant improvement in prognosis (p = 0.72). Fifty-three per cent of patients experienced adverse effects, none of whom required treatment withdrawal. No severe infections were noted during the follow-up (AU)

Efficacy and safety of vedolizumab as a treatment option for moderate to severe refractory ulcerative colitis in two patients after liver transplant due to primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Vedolizumab is a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody that selectively blocks the lymphocyte integrin α4ß7 and prevents its interaction with endothelial adhesion molecules and subsequent transmigration to the gastrointestinal tract. The drug was approved in 2014 for the induction and maintenance treatment of ulcerative colitis and moderate to severe Crohn's disease that is refractory or intolerant to conventional treatment with corticoids and immunosuppressants and/or anti-TNFα drugs. However, inflammatory bowel disease has a variable behavior following liver transplant. One third of patients with ulcerative colitis associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis are expected to deteriorate despite receiving immunosuppression to prevent rejection. There is limited experience with anti-TNFα agents in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in the setting of liver transplantation and the studies to date involve a limited number of cases. The efficacy and safety data of vedolizumab in this situation are unreliable and very preliminary. We present two cases with the aim to present the efficacy and safety of vedolizumab after one year of treatment in two patients who underwent a transplant due to primary sclerosing cholangitis. One case had de novo post-transplant ulcerative colitis refractory to two anti-TNFα drugs (golimumab and infliximab). The other patient had a colostomy due to fulminant colitis and developed severe ulcerative proctitis refractory to infliximab after reconstruction with an ileorectal anastomosis.

Medium to long-term efficacy and safety of oral tacrolimus in moderate to severe steroid refractory ulcerative colitis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Oral tacrolimus is an effective drug that induces clinical remission in patients with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroids. However, there is little data with regard to its medium to long-term efficacy and safety. The aim of this study was to assess the medium to long-term efficacy and safety of oral tacrolimus in this challenging clinical situation. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational review of the clinical charts of 34 patients with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroids treated with oral tacrolimus at our hospital (July 2001-July 2016). Remission was defined as a Lichtiger index score < 3 and response was defined as a score < 10 with a reduction of at least three points compared to the baseline score. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Seven patients (20.58%) required colectomy during the follow-up period (mean 65 months). Nine patients required rescue with infliximab (four patients during the first six months of follow-up and the other five after the first six months). The short to medium clinical efficacy combining both remission and clinical response was 82% at six months. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the percentage of patients free from colectomy and additional sequential rescue therapy was 75% at 54 months (median follow-up). The early introduction of thiopurines (< 2 months from start of tacrolimus) showed no significant improvement in prognosis (p = 0.72). Fifty-three per cent of patients experienced adverse effects, none of whom required treatment withdrawal. No severe infections were noted during the follow-up.

Pioderma gangrenoso periestomal tras adenocarcinoma de recto en el contexto de enfermedad de Crohn de localización colónica y perianal compleja / Peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum after rectal adenocarcinoma in the context of colonic and complex perianal Crohn's disease

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Síndrome pospolipectomía. Descripción de nuestra experiencia / Postpolypectomy syndrome. A report of our experience

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Hemobilia de causa poco frecuente: seudoaneurisma de la arteria hepática tras colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica / An unusual cause of hemobilia: Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

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