[Water-exchange processes in hyaline cartilage and its basic components in a normal state and in osteoarthritis]. / Vlagoobmennye protsessy v gialinovom khriashche i ego osnovnykh komponentakh v norme i osteoartroze.

The content of different forms of tissue water was studied in the normal articular cartilage and osteoarthrosis cartilage and its structural components: collagen, potassium hyaluronate, sodium chondroitinsulphate and its complexes. In the components of cartilage matrix a few of fractions of bound water different in the strength of binding are present. At the maximal humidity, all water in collagen binds with the active groups of biopolymers and in the glycosaminoglycans, in addition to bound water, are present, two crystal forms of freezing water (free water) at least. The quantity of free water in the collagen-chondroitin sulphat membrane, is increased with the increase of chondroitin sulphate. In the collagen-hyaluronate complex, fraction of free water is found only at the low concentration of hyaluronate kalium. It was shown that in the hyalin cartilage, in different from the other connective tissue (skin, achilles tendon), the most part of water is free water and its quantity is increased in the osteoarthrosis. It is supposed that the rearrangement of binding and free-water fractions in the osteoarthrosis is the result of deficiency of hyaluronic acid and therefore this may be regarded in the improvement of methods of treatment. This scientific and methodical approach allow to receive information on the forms and binding energy of water in the biological tissues, which is absorbed from fluids and steam phase and determine characters of the pathological changes.

[The diameters of the central canals of the osteons in tubular bones (based on data from scanning electron microscopy and centrifugal porosimetry)]. / Diametry tsentral'nykh kanalov osteonov trubchatykh kostei (po dannym skaniruiushchei élektronnoi mikroskopii i tsentrobezhnoi porometrii).

The centrifugal poremetry is based on preliminary filling the pores of prepared samples with the working fluid and the following removal of it from the pores at different fixed velocities of rotation. Measurement of the quantity of the remaining fluid after each rotation allows obtaining the distribution of the pore volume depending on their radius. Since the samples are not destroyed they can be used for measuring the pores diameter in electron micrograph. Comparison has been made of the distribution of the pores quantity by their diameters obtained by morphometry with the distribution of the pores volume by their diameters obtained by differentiation of poremetry curves. Besides greater detailization of the prevailing diameters of the pores, the method of poremetry allows the information to be obtained concerning the distribution of not only sizes of central canals of osteons but also smaller pores characterizing the system of lacunae of osteocytes and canals connecting them.

[Structure of the interstitial space and ground substance of the human articular cartilage]. / Struktura interstitsial'nogo prostranstva i osnovnogo veshchestva sustavnogo khriashcha cheloveka.

By means of transmissive and scanning electron microscopy (investigation of ultra-replicas) three-dimensional organization of the interstitial (interfibrillar) space of the articular cartilage has been demonstrated; it repeats, to some extent, construction of the fibrous base. By means of mercury porometry quantitative characteristics of various parameters of the interfibrillar space are obtained. Their specific volume is 0.96 cm3/g of the dehydrated cartilage, space with equivalent diameters from 300 up to 5 nm makes 94%. By means of the gas adsorption method it has been stated that the specific internal surface is 23.8 m2 per 1 g of the dehydrated articular cartilage. Transmissive and scanning electron histochemistry has revealed several various forms of structured proteoglycans, demonstrated their spatial organization and interconnection with collagenous fibrils. The methodical complex applied can be used for investigating the connective tissue interstitial spaces in other parts of the human locomotor apparatus.

[Patterns of the structural organization of the fibrous stroma of various human organs]. / Zakonomernosti strukturnoi orgnizatsii voloknistoi stromy nekotorykh organov cheloveka.

Fibrillar elements and the ground substance of some human organs have been morphologically studied using light, raster and transmissive electron microscopy. A number of common regularities has been revealed in their structure. The organ-specificity in structure of the fibrous stroma is manifested as various degree of one or other common regularities in structure and their certain combinations.

[Structuro-functional organization of human elastic cartilage]. / Strukturno-funktsional'naia organizatsiia élasticheskogo khriashcha cheloveka.

The light- and electron-microscopic investigation performed in order to study the elastic cartilage ultrastructure in the human concha auriculae has demonstrated that a peculiar feature of the later is abundance of elastic fibers both in its perichondrium and in the cartilagenous tissue. In the perichondrium the fibrillar elements (collagenous and elastic fibers) are oriented in parallel with the cartilagenous plate surface. There is not any definite regularity in the arrangement of the fibers of the cartilagenous tissue. As demonstrates the light microscopy, homogeneity of the ground substance is connected with a very compact arrangement of its fibrillar elements. Spaces between the fibers and fibrillae are filled with an amorphous ruthenium-positive substance of the proteoglycane nature.

[Spatial organization and interrelations of the structural elements in the human hair follicle]. / Prostranstvennaia organizatsiia i vzaimootnosheniia strukturnykh élementov volosianogo follikula u cheloveka.

A complex morphological investigation of the human hair follicle and root has been performed by means of scanning electron microscopy. A volumetric image on all structural elements in the hair follicle and on their spacial interrelations both with each other and with neighbouring tissues have been obtained. A connection of the hair root cuticle and the internal root shealth cuticle by means of variously directed position of their cell-squamae is demonstrated. Between the granule-containing and the pale layers of the inner root sheath (Huxley's and Henle's layers) there is an additional connection, that is mediated at the expense of entrance of pterygoid processes of cells of the granule-containing layer into the oval spaces between the cells of the pale epithelial layer. The connective tissue hair bursa consists of layer-cases inserting into each other, constructed mainly of flat collagenous fibers and connected with each other by connective fibers.

[Structuro-functional organization of the fiber network in the human Achilles tendon]. / Strukturno-funktsional'naia organizatsiia voloknistogo ostova akhillova sukhozhiliia cheloveka.

Owing to a complex morphological investigation of the human Achilles tendon, it was possible to distinguish four levels of the structural-functional organization of its fibrous elements and to reveal some regularities of their structure that recur at all the levels. Thus, collagenous molecules, microfibrillae, fibrillae and fibers have a wavy-spiral conformation. This spatial form is stabilized by a complex or a system of transversal connections corresponding to the given level of the organization. In order to maintain integrity (the structural-functional unity) of each level, certain substances of polysaccharide nature take part. Along the course of the long tendinous axis, a re-distribution (branching) of the fibrillar elements is observed at all the levels of the structural-functional organization.

[Structuro-functional organization of the fibrillar component and ground substance of human rib cartilage]. / Osobennosti strukturno-funktsional'noi organizatsii voloknistogo komponenta i osnovnogo veshchestva rebernogo khriashcha cheloveka.

A complex morphological investigation (histology, histochemistry, scanning and transmissive electron microscopy, electron histochemistry) has been performed to study the intercellular substance of the costal hyalinous cartilage. It has been demonstrated that the fibrillar framework of the costal cartilage consists of branching collagenous fibrillae, chaotically scattering. The fibrillae are surrounded with the ground substance; one of its components is the reticular ruthenium-positive structure.

[Effect of formalin fixation on the ultrastructure of connective tissue components]. / Vliianie formalinovoi fiksatsii na ul'trastrukturu komponentov soedinitel'noi tkani.

Electron microscopic examinations of fibrillar components and the ground substance of human skin derma fixed in formaldehyde showed good preservation of the fibrillar structures. The typical changes in fixed collagen fibrils in negative staining include the lack of transversal lines in the zone A and poor manifestation of microfibrillarity in the zone B. Alterations in the ground substance are more significant. Staining with rutenium red reveals no reticular structure here, but floccular formations appear in the amorphous interfibrillar substance. Other species of rutenium-positive structures (sheaths of elastic fibers and collagen fibrils as well as lines of thin cross-striation of the latter) are well preserved. All these alterations should be taken into consideration in ultramicroscopical examinations of formalin-fixed connective tissue.

[Utrastructural interrelationships of collagen fibrillar components in human connective tissue]. / Ul'trastrukturnaia vzaimosviaz' kollagenovykh voloknistykh komponentov v soedinitel'noi tkani cheloveka.

The data on structural interconnections between collagenous fibres in the human dermis and periosteum were obtained by means of raster electron microscopy. Collagenous fibres were demonstrated to be connected with each other by means of fine connective fibres situating mainly transversaly towards the main collagenous fibres. Comparing the data obtained with those from the literature, a suggestion was made on the existence, in the connective tissue, of a special connective system composing of peculiar fibrillar structures which maintains dynamic equilibrium in arrangement of collagenous fibres, muscles, vessels, etc. The system of the connective fibres demonstrates a common compositional principle for all the structures mentioned above, but in every case having its peculiarities.

[Ultrastructural organization of the basic substance of human dermis]. / Ul'trastrukturnaia organizatsiia osnovnogo veshchestva dermy kozhi cheloveka.

The data on ultrastructural organization of the ground substance in the human dermis obtained electron histochemically are represented. Five types of ruthenium positive structures of polysaccharide origin are detected: retinal structure (I), amorfous substance (II), membranes of collagen fibrils (III) and elastic fibres (V), fine ruthenium positive streakness of collagen fibrils (IV). These structures, except fine streakness, form a united polysaccharide system of the dermis participating in maintenance of structural-functional integrity of the connective tissue (collagen-elastic) carcass of the dermis. Two mechanisms, interconnected and oppositely directed, perform this function: the buffer mechanism preventing the connective tissue fibers and collagen fibrils to approach each other, and the binding mechanism preventing the fibrils and fibers to dissociate. The reticular structure performs mainly this function at the level of fibers, and the amorphous substance does it at the level of fibrils.

[Ultrastructure of collagen fibers and basic substance of the human dermis]. / Ul'trastruktura kollagenovykh volokon i osnovnogo veshchestva dermy kozhi cheloveka.

Histological and histochemical methods and fluorescent and rastral electron microscopy were used for complex investigation of intercellular connective tissue components of the human skin derm (collagenous and elastin fibres, basic substance). The structure of collagenous fibres in different levels of their organization was studied. The structure of periods and differently directed combination of fibrils in the fibre were revealed by different methods. Five types of ruthenies--positive structures in the basic substance and fibres--were found. A supposition is made and substantiated that two interconnected and diverse mechanisms take part in sustaining the structure--function integrity of the collagenous fibre. One of them prevents from rapprochement of fibrils (different direction of fibres, amorphous substance) and the other connect them (adhesive properties of the amorphous substance).