Structural mechanism for inhibition of PP2A-B56α and oncogenicity by CIP2A.

The protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) heterotrimer PP2A-B56α is a human tumour suppressor. However, the molecular mechanisms inhibiting PP2A-B56α in cancer are poorly understood. Here, we report molecular level details and structural mechanisms of PP2A-B56α inhibition by an oncoprotein CIP2A. Upon direct binding to PP2A-B56α trimer, CIP2A displaces the PP2A-A subunit and thereby hijacks both the B56α, and the catalytic PP2Ac subunit to form a CIP2A-B56α-PP2Ac pseudotrimer. Further, CIP2A competes with B56α substrate binding by blocking the LxxIxE-motif substrate binding pocket on B56α. Relevant to oncogenic activity of CIP2A across human cancers, the N-terminal head domain-mediated interaction with B56α stabilizes CIP2A protein. Functionally, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated single amino acid mutagenesis of the head domain blunted MYC expression and MEK phosphorylation, and abrogated triple-negative breast cancer in vivo tumour growth. Collectively, we discover a unique multi-step hijack and mute protein complex regulation mechanism resulting in tumour suppressor PP2A-B56α inhibition. Further, the results unfold a structural determinant for the oncogenic activity of CIP2A, potentially facilitating therapeutic modulation of CIP2A in cancer and other diseases.

Differential Proteomic Analysis of Hepatocellular Carcinomas from Ppp2r5d Knockout Mice and Normal (Knockout) Livers.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the major type of primary liver cancer. Mice lacking the tumor-suppressive protein phosphatase 2A subunit B56δ (Ppp2r5d) spontaneously develop HCC, correlating with increased c-MYC oncogenicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis-coupled matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry to identify differential proteomes of livers from wild-type, non-cancerous and HCC-affected B56δ knockout mice. RESULTS: A total of 23 proteins were differentially expressed/regulated in liver between wild-type and non-cancerous knockout mice, and 119 between non-cancerous and HCC knockout mice ('cancer proteins'). Overlap with our reported differential transcriptome data was poor. Overall, 56% of cancer proteins were reported before in HCC proteomics studies; 44% were novel. Gene Ontology analysis revealed cancer proteins mainly associated with liver metabolism (18%) and mitochondria (15%). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified 'cancer' and 'gastrointestinal disease' as top hits. CONCLUSION: We identified several proteins for further exploration as novel potential HCC biomarkers, and independently underscored the relevance of Ppp2r5d knockout mice as a valuable hepatocarcinogenesis model.

Histone acetylation of glucose-induced thioredoxin-interacting protein gene expression in pancreatic islets.

Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) has been shown to be associated with glucose-induced deterioration of pancreatic beta cell function in diabetes. However, whether epigenetic mechanisms contribute to the regulation of TXNIP gene expression by glucose is not clear. Here we studied how glucose exerts its effect on TXNIP gene expression via modulation of histone acetylation marks. To achieve this, we applied clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) to knock out histone acetyltransferase (HAT) p300 in a rat pancreatic beta cell line INS1 832/13. We also treated the cells and human islets with chemical inhibitors of HAT p300 and histone deacetylase (HDAC). In human islets, diabetes and high glucose resulted in elevated TXNIP and EP300 expression, and glucose-induced TXNIP expression could be reversed by p300 inhibitor C646. In INS1 832/13 cells, Ep300 knock-out by CRISPR/Cas9 elevated glucose-induced insulin secretion and greatly reduced glucose-stimulated Txnip expression and cell apoptosis. This effect could be ascribed to decrease in histone marks H3K9ac and H4ac at the promoter and first coding region of the Txnip gene. Histone marks H3K9ac and H4ac in the Txnip gene in the wild-type cells was inhibited by HDAC inhibitor at high glucose, which most likely was due to enhanced acetylation levels of p300 after HDAC inhibition; and thereby reduced p300 binding to the Txnip gene promoter region. Such inhibition was absent in the Ep300 knock-out cells. Our study provides evidence that histone acetylation serves as a key regulator of glucose-induced increase in TXNIP gene expression and thereby glucotoxicity-induced apoptosis.