Assessment of community pharmacy management towards self-medication requests of tetracyclines for pregnant women: a simulated client study in Upper Egypt.

Background Self-medication is a worldwide phenomenon of using medications without medical supervision. It is even more prevalent in low-income countries, where individuals seek community pharmacies because of accessibility and affordability. Although self-medication is associated with an increased risk of medication errors, few studies have been conducted to examine the quality of community pharmacy management towards self-medicating individuals of at-risk populations such as pregnant women. Objective We sought to investigate the quality of community pharmacies management of self-medication requests of tetracyclines for pregnant women. Setting The study was conducted in community pharmacies in Minya, Egypt. Methods A random sample of 150 community pharmacies was chosen from the urban areas of five districts of Minya, Egypt. To evaluate the actual practice, a simulated client was trained to visit pharmacies and purchase doxycycline for a pregnant woman. In a random subset of the sampled pharmacies (n = 100), interviews were conducted to evaluate pharmacy staff knowledge and attitudes regarding information gathering and dispensing practice. Main outcome measure Dispensing rate of doxycycline for pregnant women. Results From simulated client visits, almost all pharmacy staff (99.1%) dispensed doxycycline without requesting a prescription or collecting any information. About 25% of staff members did not abstain from dispensing even after knowing about pregnancy. On the other hand, most interviewed pharmacy staff (91.5%) reported that they ask about pregnancy before dispensing. Conclusion Our findings show that the current community pharmacy practice puts pregnant women at high risk of experiencing harmful self-medication outcomes. Therefore, strict legislative measures and pharmacy education programs should be considered in Egypt to lessen inappropriate dispensing rates in community pharmacies.

Quality of Community Pharmacy Practice in Antibiotic Self-Medication Encounters: A Simulated Patient Study in Upper Egypt.

Antibiotic misuse, either by patients or healthcare professionals, is one of the major contributing factors to antimicrobial resistance. In many Middle Eastern countries including Egypt, there are no strict regulations regarding antibiotic dispensing by community pharmacies. In this study, we examined antibiotic dispensing patterns in Egyptian community pharmacies. About 150 community pharmacies were randomly chosen using convenience sampling from the five most populous urban districts of Minia Governorate in Egypt. Two simulated patient (SP) scenarios of viral respiratory tract infection requiring no antibiotic treatment were used to assess the actual antibiotics dispensing practice of. Face-to-face interviews were then conducted to assess the intended dispensing practice. Descriptive statistics were calculated to report the main study outcomes. In 238 visits of both scenarios, 98.3% of service providers dispensed amoxicillin. Although stated otherwise in interviews, most pharmacy providers (63%) dispensed amoxicillin without collecting relevant information from presenting SPs. Findings showed high rates of antibiotic misuse in community pharmacies. Discrepancies between interviews and patient simulation results also suggest a practice‒knowledge gap. Corrective actions, whether legislation, enforcement, education, or awareness campaigns about antibiotic misuse, are urgently needed to improve antibiotic dispensing practices in Egyptian community pharmacies.

High-pressure laparoscopic entry does not adversely affect cardiopulmonary function in healthy women.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine hemodynamic and pulmonary compliance changes during laparoscopic entry using transient hyperinsufflated pneumoperitoneum. DESIGN: Prospective observational cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-1). SETTING: University-affiliated teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: From January through June 2004 one hundred healthy women underwent operative laparoscopy consecutively. Indications included chronic pelvic pain (CPP, N=66), pelvic mass (N=7), CPP and pelvic mass (N=4), primary or secondary infertility (N=23). The mean age was 34 years (range, 19-58) and the mean BMI 25.5 kg/m2 (range, 17.1-39.4). INTERVENTIONS: With the patients under general anesthesia, muscle relaxants, and in supine position, pneumoperitoneum was established using a Veres needle. The following information was prospectively collected at different intraperitoneal insufflation pressures (IPIP): CO2 volume, heart rate, blood pressure, and pulmonary compliance. At IPIP of 30 mm Hg the primary trocar was inserted and the IPIP was immediately reduced back to the operating pressure of 15 mm Hg. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The mean initial IPIP was 4.7 mm Hg (range, 2-9 mm Hg). The mean volume of CO2 at IPIP of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 mm Hg was 1.7, 3.1, 4, 4.4, and 4.7 L, respectively. There was no statistically significant change in the heart rate or pulse pressure between IPIP of 15 and 30 mm Hg. The difference in CO2 volume (1.6 L) required to achieve IPIP of 15 and 30 mm Hg was statistically significant (p<0.0001). A statistically significant increase of 7 mm Hg in the mean arterial pressure (MAP) was found between IPIP of 15 & 30 mm Hg (p<0.0001). The additional 21% drop in pulmonary compliance from IPIP 15 to 30 mm Hg was statistically significant (p<0.0001). This decrease in pulmonary compliance was well tolerated by the patients, and the oxygen saturation remained above 92% in all cases. The elevated MAP was not clinically significant. CONCLUSION: The use of transient hyperinsufflated pneumoperitoneum caused minor hemodynamic alterations which were not clinically significant. The alterations in pulmonary compliance were statistically significant; however, they had no clinical significance and were tolerated well by healthy women.