An Algorithm for the Diagnosis of Behçet Disease Uveitis in Adults.

Purpose: To develop an algorithm for the diagnosis of Behçet's disease (BD) uveitis based on ocular findings.Methods: Following an initial survey among uveitis experts, we collected multi-center retrospective data on 211 patients with BD uveitis and 207 patients with other uveitides, and identified ocular findings with a high diagnostic odds ratio (DOR). Subsequently, we collected multi-center prospective data on 127 patients with BD uveitis and 322 controls and developed a diagnostic algorithm using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis and expert opinion.Results: We identified 10 items with DOR >5. The items that provided the highest accuracy in CART analysis included superficial retinal infiltrate, signs of occlusive retinal vasculitis, and diffuse retinal capillary leakage as well as the absence of granulomatous anterior uveitis or choroiditis in patients with vitritis.Conclusion: This study provides a diagnostic tree for BD uveitis that needs to be validated in future studies.

Effect of Interferon alfa-2a Treatment on Adaptive and Innate Immune Systems in Patients With Behçet Disease Uveitis.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of interferon alfa-2a on T regulatory (Treg) cells, T helper 17 (Th17) cells, and expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in Behçet disease (BD) patients with uveitis. Methods: Twenty-seven patients who received interferon alfa-2a for active BD uveitis despite conventional immunomodulatory therapies and healthy controls were enrolled. Peripheral blood Treg and Th17 cell frequencies were determined by flow cytometry as gated cells for CD3+CD4+Foxp3+ and CD3+CD4+IL17A+, respectively. Th17 RAR-related orphan receptor (ROR)γt mRNA expression was verified by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Treg and Th17 cell cytokines were detected by ELISA in the supernatant of short-term cell cultures. RT-PCR was used to assess expression of TLR-2, TLR-3, TLR-4, TLR-8, and TLR-9 using cDNA prepared from CD4+ T cells and monocytes. Results: Treg and Th17 cell frequencies and Th17 RORγt expression were significantly elevated, and IL-10 concentration in Treg cell supernatants was significantly lower in BD patients than in controls. Th17 IL-17, IL-6, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IFN-γ, and TNF-α concentrations were significantly higher and all TLR expressions were significantly elevated in patients. Interferon alfa-2a led to a significant reversal in Treg and Th17 cell frequencies, Th17 RORγt expression, Treg and Th17 cell cytokine production, and TLR expression by CD4+ T cells and monocytes. Conclusions: Despite a relative increase in Treg cells, impaired IL-10 production suggests that Treg dysfunction may play a role in induction of BD uveitis. Favorable effects of interferon alfa-2a may be associated with recovery of Treg cell function, suppression of Th17 cells, and reduced expression of TLRs on CD4+ T cells and monocytes.

Unilateral paraneoplastic optic disc edema and retinal periphlebitis in pineal germinoma.

PURPOSE: To describe a unilateral ocular paraneoplastic syndrome in pineal germinoma. OBSERVATIONS: A 24-year-old male presented with diplopia, excessive thirst, and frequent urination. Cranial MRI showed a mass in pineal gland. Dorsal midbrain syndrome signs were present. Examination showed optic disc edema and segmental retinal periphlebitis in right and normal fundus in left eye. Rheumatologic work-up was negative. Brain biopsy confirmed pineal germinoma. Retinal findings were attributed to paraneoplastic syndrome. Resolution of optic disc edema and retinal periphlebitis occurred following chemotherapy and focal irradiation. CONCLUSIONS: and importance: To date there are two published case reports on bilateral optic disc edema and retinal periphlebitis occurring as a paraneoplastic syndrome in pineal germinoma. This is the first report on a patient with pineal germinoma who had unilateral paraneoplastic involvement characterized by optic disc edema and retinal periphlebitis and who showed complete resolution of ocular disease after treatment of underlying tumor.

Screening for Depression and Anxiety in Patients with Active Uveitis.

PURPOSE: To screen for psychological disorders in patients with active uveitis. METHODS: Patients were screened for depression (BDI-II), state anxiety (STAI-I), VR-QOL (NEI-VFQ-25), and HR-QOL (SF-36). Association of depression and anxiety with sociodemographic and clinical parameters and with VR-QOL and HR-QOL were analyzed. Multivariate linear regression models were constructed for NEI-VFQ-25 and SF-36 subscales. RESULTS: Of 99 patients, 37.3% screened positive for depression and 52.5% for anxiety. Depressed patients had lower visual acuity in the better seeing eye (p = 0.013) and more frequently panuveitis (p = 0.018). Anxious patients were younger (p = 0.009), had earlier onset of uveitis (p = 0.015), and had more frequently panuveitis (p = 0.016). Bivariate comparisons showed significant associations between psychological disorders and VR-QOL and HR-QOL. Significant bivariate associations were mostly lost in multivariate analyses for anxiety, but were preserved for depression. CONCLUSIONS: A positive screening test for depression and anxiety is common in patients with uveitis. Low vision and panuveitis are associated with depression. Depression is associated with impairment of VR-QOL and HR-QOL.

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL ALTERATIONS IN THE CHOROID OF PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE BEHÇET UVEITIS.

PURPOSE: To quantitatively analyze in vivo morphology of subfoveal choroid during an acute attack of Behçet uveitis. METHODS: In this prospective study, 28 patients with Behçet uveitis of ≤4-year duration, and 28 control subjects underwent enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. A novel custom software was used to calculate choroidal stroma-to-choroidal vessel lumen ratio. Subfoveal choroidal thickness was measured at fovea and 750 µm nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior to fovea. Patients underwent fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography. Receiver operating characteristic curve and area under the curve were computed for central foveal thickness. The eye with a higher Behçet disease ocular attack score 24 was studied. The main outcome measures were choroidal stroma-to-choroidal vessel lumen ratio and choroidal thickness. RESULTS: The mean total Behçet disease ocular attack score 24, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green angiography scores were 7.42 ± 4.10, 17.42 ± 6.03, and 0.66 ± 0.73, respectively. Choroidal stroma-to-choroidal vessel lumen ratio was significantly higher in patients (0.413 ± 0.056 vs. 0.351 ± 0.063, P = 0.003). There were no significant differences in subfoveal choroidal thickness between patients and control subjects. Choroidal stroma-to-choroidal vessel lumen ratio correlated with retinal vascular staining and leakage score of fluorescein angiography (r = 0.300, P = 0.036). Central foveal thickness was significantly increased in patients (352.750 ± 107.134 µm vs. 263.500 ± 20.819 µm, P < 0.001). Central foveal thickness showed significant correlations with logarithm of minimum angle of resolution vision, Behçet disease ocular attack score 24, total fluorescein angiography score, retinal vascular staining and/or leakage and capillary leakage scores of fluorescein angiography, and total indocyanine green angiography score. At 275 µm cutoff, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of central foveal thickness for acute Behçet uveitis were 89% and 72%, respectively (area under the curve = 0.902; 95% CI = 0.826-0.978, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: There was choroidal stromal expansion which was not associated with thickening of the choroid. Central foveal thickness may be used as a noninvasive measure to assess inflammatory activity in early Behçet uveitis.

Interferon Alpha for the Treatment of Cystoid Macular Edema Associated with Presumed Ocular Tuberculosis.

PURPOSE: To report the efficacy and safety of interferon (IFN) α-2a in patients with cystoid macular edema (CME) associated with presumed ocular tuberculosis (TB). METHODS: We reviewed the clinical records of 5 patients with presumed ocular TB who had been treated with IFN α-2a for recurrent CME during or after completion of anti-tubercular therapy. IFN α-2a was administered at an initial dose of 3 million IU per day and then tapered after the initial response. Treatment efficacy was assessed by central macular thickness (CMT) measurement using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and visual acuity. RESULTS: Three patients were men, and 2 were women. Patients were aged between 38 and 66 years. Mean CMT was 483 ± 178.6 µm at baseline, 302.3 ± 56 µm at 1 week, 312.3 ± 49.5 µm at 1 month, and 286.2 ± 31.9 µm at 3 months. Mean LogMAR visual acuity was 0.6 ± 0.4 at baseline, 0.4 ± 0.3 µm at 1 week, 0.3 ± 0.3 at 1 month, and 0.3 ± 0.3 at 3 months. The treatment was interrupted for 10 days because of neutropenia after 2 weeks in 1 patient and discontinued in another after 10 days because of intolerance. Total treatment duration was 3-24 months in the remaining 4 patients. CONCLUSION: The present small case series suggests that IFN α-2a may be an effective and safe therapeutic option for CME that is associated with presumed ocular TB.

Diverse Clinical Signs of Ocular Involvement in Cat Scratch Disease.

OBJECTIVES: To describe ocular manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of cat scratch disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical records of patients with ocular cat scratch disease were reviewed. RESULTS: Thirteen eyes of 10 patients (7 female, 3 male) with a mean age of 26.9±18.5 years were included. Nine patients had a history of cat contact and had systemic symptoms associated with cat scratch disease 2-90 days prior to the ocular symptoms. Ocular signs were: neuroretinitis in 4 eyes (associated with serous retinal detachment in the inferior quadrant in 1 eye), optic neuropathy in 2 eyes (1 papillitis and optic disc infiltration, 1 optic neuritis), retinal infiltrates in 6 eyes, retinochoroiditis in 1 eye, branch retinal arteriolar occlusion in 3 eyes, and endophthalmitis in 1 eye. Visual acuities at presentation were 1.0 in 7 eyes, 0.3 in 1 eye, ≤0.1 in 4 eyes, and light perception in 1 eye. Bartonella henselae immunoglobulin (Ig) M and/or IgG were positive in all patients. Systemic antibiotic therapy was administered in all patients. Systemic corticosteroid treatment (15-40 mg/day) was added to the therapy in 4 patients, following 5 days of intravenous pulse methylprednisolone in 2 patients. Treatment was ongoing for 1 patient and the mean treatment duration of the other 9 patients was 47±14.5 days. Visual acuities at final visit were 1.0 in 9 eyes, 0.8 in 1 eye, 0.4 in 1 eye, and no light perception in 1 eye. CONCLUSION: Cat scratch disease may present with different ocular signs and should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with such presentations.

Review for Diagnostics of the Year: Multimodal Imaging in Behçet Uveitis.

Behçet disease is a chronic relapsing multisystem inflammatory disorder. Ocular involvement is characterized by a bilateral recurrent non-granulomatous panuveitis and retinal vasculitis. Posterior segment findings vary during the course of the disease, in parallel with the relapsing and remitting intraocular inflammation. Structural alterations occur with increased disease duration. Fluorescein angiography is the gold standard in revealing the extent and severity as well as the leaky and/or occlusive nature of retinal vasculitis. Multimodal imaging using color fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography is essential in visualizing diagnostic features, detecting structural changes, and monitoring disease activity and response to treatment in patients with Behçet uveitis.

Failure to Integrate Quantitative Measurement Methods of Ocular Inflammation Hampers Clinical Practice and Trials on New Therapies for Posterior Uveitis.

Uveitis is one of the fields in ophthalmology where a tremendous evolution took place in the past 25 years. Not only did we gain access to more efficient, more targeted, and better tolerated therapies, but also in parallel precise and quantitative measurement methods developed allowing the clinician to evaluate these therapies and adjust therapeutic intervention with a high degree of precision. Objective and quantitative measurement of the global level of intraocular inflammation became possible for most inflammatory diseases with direct or spill-over anterior chamber inflammation, thanks to laser flare photometry. The amount of retinal inflammation could be quantified by using fluorescein angiography to score retinal angiographic signs. Indocyanine green angiography gave imaging insight into the hitherto inaccessible choroidal compartment, rendering possible the quantification of choroiditis by scoring indocyanine green angiographic signs. Optical coherence tomography has enabled measurement and objective monitoring of retinal and choroidal thickness. This multimodal quantitative appraisal of intraocular inflammation represents an exquisite security in monitoring uveitis. What is enigmatic, however, is the slow pace with which these improvements are integrated in some areas. What is even more difficult to understand is the fact that clinical trials to assess new therapeutic agents still mostly rely on subjective parameters such as clinical evaluation of vitreous haze as a main endpoint; whereas a whole array of precise, quantitative, and objective modalities are available for the design of clinical studies. The scope of this work was to review the quantitative investigations that improved the management of uveitis in the past 2-3 decades.

Comparison of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography and Fluorescein Angiography for the Identification of Retinal Vascular Changes in Eyes With Diabetic Macular Edema.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To compare the visualization of microaneurysms (MA) and the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) versus fluorescein angiography (FA) in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were prospectively recruited for same-day imaging on spectral-domain OCTA and FA. OCTA images were automatically segmented into superficial (sOCTA) and deep (dOCTA) capillary plexuses. The number of visible MAs and the FAZ area were compared between the two imaging modalities. RESULTS: Nineteen eyes of 10 patients were included. There was a statistically significant difference between MA counts for FA, sOCTA, and dOCTA (P = .002), and median MA counts were 14.5 (range: 2-43), 9.75 (range: 0-37.5), and 22.5 (range: 5.5-46.5), respectively. dOCTA showed significantly more MAs than sOCTA (P < .001). Although not significant statistically, dOCTA revealed more MAs than FA (P = .06). There was a statistically significant difference between FAZ area for FA, sOCTA, and dOCTA (P = .046), and median FAZ areas were 0.444 (range: 0.1-0.689), 0.224 (range: 0.335-0.806), and 0.345 (range: 0.106-0.881), respectively. FA showed a significantly larger FAZ area than sOCTA (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Deep plexus OCTA can better identify microaneurysms compared to either sOCTA or FA. The FAZ area appears larger on FA in contrast to OCTA of both plexuses. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2016;47:1013-1019.].

Electroretinographic improvement after rituximab therapy in a patient with autoimmune retinopathy.

PURPOSE: To describe the effect of rituximab on full-field electroretinography (ERG) in a patient with nonparaneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy (npAIR). OBSERVATIONS: A 58-year-old male patient with visual complaints, positive anti-retinal antibodies and negative work-up for cancer was diagnosed with npAIR. Visual acuity and ancillary tests were normal except abnormal ERG in both eyes. The patient was given one course of rituximab 375 mg/m2/week for 4 weeks and cyclophosphamide 1 gr/m2/month for 6 months. A second course of rituximab was necessary as autoantibody titers showed no change and as new antibodies were noted after treatment with rituximab and cyclophosphamide. Electroretinography was repeated after the first course of rituximab, after cyclophosphamide, and the second course of rituximab therapy. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE: Rituximab therapy led to marked improvement in full-field ERG readings and regression of symptoms was reported by the patient after rituximab infusions. The effect of rituximab in npAIR was objectively demonstrated with ERG.

Superior Oblique Anterior Transposition with Horizontal Recti Recession-Resection for Total Third-Nerve Palsy.

Aims. To report the results of lateral rectus muscle recession, medial rectus muscle resection, and superior oblique muscle transposition in the restoration and maintenance of ocular alignment in primary position for patients with total third-nerve palsy. Methods. The medical records of patients who underwent surgery between March 2007 and September 2011 for total third-nerve palsy were reviewed. All patients underwent a preoperative assessment, including a detailed ophthalmologic examination. Results. A total of 6 patients (age range, 14-45 years) were included. The median preoperative horizontal deviation was 67.5 Prism Diopter (PD) (interquartile range [IQR] 57.5-70) and vertical deviation was 13.5 PD (IQR 10-20). The median postoperative horizontal residual exodeviation was 8.0 PD (IQR 1-16), and the vertical deviation was 0 PD (IQR 0-4). The median correction of hypotropia following superior oblique transposition was 13.5 ± 2.9 PD (range, 10-16). All cases were vertically aligned within 5 PD. Four of the six cases were aligned within 10 PD of the horizontal deviation. Adduction and head posture were improved in all patients. All patients gained new area of binocular single vision in the primary position after the operation. Conclusion. Lateral rectus recession, medial rectus resection, and superior oblique transposition may be used to achieve satisfactory cosmetic and functional results in total third-nerve palsy.

Analysis of age, refractive error and gender related changes of the cornea and the anterior segment of the eye with Scheimpflug imaging.

PURPOSE: To assess age, refractive error and gender related changes occurring in the cornea and the anterior segment of the eye using a Scheimpflug system. METHODS: The study included 666 healthy eyed subjects with a mean age of 39.3±19.7 years (range: 3-85 years). All analyses were based on the right eyes of the patients as all measured parameters correlated well between the right and left eyes. Each parameter was correlated with age and the right eye's spherical equivalent (SE) using Pearson correlations. Univariate linear regression models were constructed for analyses of parameters. RESULTS: The anterior corneal surface asphericity showed significant positive correlations whereas posterior corneal surface asphericity showed significant negative correlations with age. Anterior chamber depth (ACD), volume (ACV) and angle (ACA) showed significant negative correlations with age and SE. Age explained 25% of the variance in anterior corneal surface asphericity, 22% of variance in posterior corneal surface asphericity, 26% of variance in ACV, 27% of variance in ACD, and 19% of variance in ACA. In the SE model SE was identified to account for 25% of variance in ACV, 22% of variance in ACD, each, and 17% of variance in ACA. Significant differences were detected in anterior and posterior keratometry values, ACV, ACD and ACA among gender groups (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The cornea shows a tendency for a decrease in anterior corneal surface asphericity and an increase in posterior corneal surface asphericity with advancing age. Men have flatter corneas and women have shallower anterior chambers and narrower anterior chamber angles.

Nonglaucomatous localized retinal nerve fiber layer defects in Behçet uveitis.

PURPOSE: To describe nonglaucomatous retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) defects in patients with Behçet uveitis. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study and observational case series. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical photographs of patients with Behçet uveitis (n = 259), ocular toxoplasmosis (n = 120), and multiple sclerosis (MS)-associated uveitis (n = 40) for the presence of localized RNFL defects. Behçet patients with localized RNFL defects were invited to participate in a prospective evaluation including standard automated perimetry, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT), and RNFL thickness analysis. Main outcome measures were the prevalence of localized RNFL defects, perimetric and SD OCT findings, and RNFL thickness analysis. RESULTS: Sixty-two patients with Behçet uveitis (24%) had localized RNFL defect(s) without any visible scar. Twenty patients (17%) with ocular toxoplasmosis had a localized RNFL defect associated with a retinochoroidal scar in all. None of the MS patients had a localized RNFL defect. Of the 19 patients (24 eyes) with RNFL defect associated with Behçet uveitis who returned for follow-up, there was a corollary thinning on SD OCT B-scan in all and a corresponding visual field defect in 83%. RNFL thickness analysis was within normal limits in 54%, but revealed thinning in the thickness profile scale in 46% and in the pie chart in 21%. CONCLUSION: In Behçet uveitis, localized RNFL defects may be caused by microvascular ischemia at the optic nerve head and/or at the posterior pole and may serve as a helpful ocular diagnostic clue and an indicator of posterior pole involvement, a risk factor for poor visual prognosis.

Validity and agreement of uveitis experts in interpretation of ocular photographs for diagnosis of Behçet uveitis.

UNLABELLED: Abstract Purpose: To evaluate agreement and estimate sensitivity and specificity of uveitis specialists' interpretation of ocular photographs in diagnosing Behçet uveitis. METHODS: Fourteen Turkish uveitis specialists, masked to demographic and clinical features of patients, independently labeled ocular photographs (29 Behçet/30 other diagnoses) as "Behçet uveitis" or "non-Behçet." Level of agreement was evaluated using kappa statistics. Photographs were categorized based on ocular signs captured and performance of observers. RESULTS: Exact agreement with the correct diagnosis was 56-81%. Seven reviewers correctly labeled more than 70% of photographs. Interobserver agreement among those 7 reviewers revealed moderate (κ = 0.41-0.60) or substantial (κ = 0.61-0.80) agreement in 76% of pairs. Smooth layered hypopyon, superficial retinal infiltrate with retinal hemorrhages, and branch retinal vein occlusion with vitreous haze were correctly recognized as Behçet uveitis by majority of reviewers. CONCLUSIONS: There are ocular signs of Behçet disease that can be considered diagnostic even in the absence of any other clinical information.

Optical coherence tomography imaging in uveitis.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-contact noninvasive technique that allows in vivo imaging of the retina, choroid, optic nerve head, retinal nerve fiber layer, and the anterior structures of the eye. It was introduced into clinical practice two decades ago. Advances in OCT technology have been achieved by searching ultra-high-resolution OCT, adaptive optics OCT, eye-tracking OCT, and changes in signal detection technique from time-domain (TD) to spectral-domain (SD) detection. Today, SD OCT has become a part of routine uveitis practice. Apart from its diagnostic value in uveitis, OCT has enabled objective assessment of treatment response and provided predictive value for visual recovery and prognosis of uveitic entities. It is the standard diagnostic technique in the detection, monitoring of treatment, and determination of prognosis in uveitic macular edema as well as other inflammatory macular pathologies, including epiretinal membrane formation, vitreomacular traction, foveal atrophy, and lamellar/full-thickness macular holes. OCT has also shed light on the pathophysiology of several posterior uveitic entities. SD OCT has enabled visualization of four lines in the sensory retina which represent the external limiting membrane, the photoreceptor inner and outer segment junction, the photoreceptor outer segment and the retina pigment epithelium junction, and the retina pigment epithelium-choriocapillaris complex. Thus, we have gained substantial information about the pathologic and structural changes in uveitic conditions with primary or secondary outer retinal involvement. SD OCT has also provided invaluable information on the inner retinal and the vitreoretinal interface changes in uveitic conditions. With the introduction of enhanced depth imaging, visualization of the choroid and choriocapillaries has become possible. Therefore, OCT has become an indispensible ancillary test in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory diseases involving the retina and/or the choroid. As OCT technology continues to develop further it will provide new insights into the retinal and choroidal structure and the pathogenesis of posterior uveitic entities.

Autoimmune retinopathies: a report of 3 cases.

PURPOSE: To describe 3 representative cases of autoimmune retinopathy (AIR). METHODS: Clinical records of patients with a diagnosis of AIR were analyzed for demographic data, clinical findings, ancillary and laboratory tests, and treatment employed. RESULTS: Three female patients diagnosed with AIR had bilateral reduction of electroretinogram amplitudes and elevation of visual field threshold within the central 30 degrees of the visual field that was disproportionately more severe than the clinical findings of retinal degeneration. The diagnoses were cancer-associated retinopathy, non-neoplastic AIR, and hereditary retinal dystrophy with secondary inflammation. Optic nerve involvement was also present in all cases. The patient with non-neoplastic AIR was successfully treated with systemic corticosteroids and immunomodulatory agents. CONCLUSION: High index of suspicion is essential for an early diagnosis of AIR. Visual function and electrophysiological tests should be included in the initial workup of patients who present with suggestive clinical signs and symptoms of AIR.

Systematic review of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy for treatment of immune-mediated uveitis.

PURPOSE: To establish evidence-based recommendations regarding the use of anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) agents for managing uveitis patients. METHODS: Medline was searched via OVID (1950 - October Week 3, 2011) using a Cochrane highly sensitive search (phases 1 and 2). Additional literature searches were also conducted incuding the following databases: the Cochrane, LILACS and the TRIP Database. RESULTS: A total of 54 studies met all of the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. A different level of recommendation and evidence is assigned to each anti-TNF-α agent. The overall rate of reported side effects with anti-TNF-α agents for the treatment of uvetis which required discontinuation of therapy was 2.2% (26/1147 patients). CONCLUSION: Based on the evidence gathered, infliximab and adalimumab seem to be effective in the management of immune-mediated uveitis. Further randomized studies evaluating the efficacy of these agents are warranted. It is the most common cause of inflammatory eye disease, with an estimated prevalence of 115 cases per 100,000 persons. Endogenous or associated with a systemic disease, noninfectious uveitis accounts for approximately 75% of total cases comprising of a heterogeneous group of inflammatory conditions responsible for about 10% of legal blindness in developed nations. Endogenous uveitides are thought to have an autoimmune component mediated by T lymphocytes specific to intraocular antigens that have failed to successfully pass basic processes designed to maintain self-tolerance.