Transferosomes stabilized hydrogel incorporated rhodomyrtone-rich extract from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf fortified with phosphatidylcholine for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections.

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf (RT)-incorporated transferosomes were developed with lecithin and cholesterol blends with edge activators at different ratios. RT-transferosomes were characterized and employed in transferosomal gel formulations for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections. The optimized formulation entrapped up to 81.90 ± 0.31% of RT with spherical vesicles (405.3 ± 2.0 nm), polydispersity index value of 0.16 ± 0.08, and zeta potential of - 61.62 ± 0.86 mV. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of RT-transferosomes were 15.65 ± 0.04 µg GAE/g extract and 43.13 ± 0.91 µg QE/g extract, respectively. RT-transferosomes demonstrated minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations at 8-256 and 64-1024 µg/mL, respectively. Free radical scavenging assay showed RT-transferosomes with high scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals. Moreover, RT-transferosomes demonstrated moderate activity against mushroom tyrosinase, with IC50 values of 245.32 ± 1.32 µg/mL. The biocompatibility results against L929 fibroblast and Vero cells demonstrated IC50 at 7.05 ± 0.17 and 4.73 ± 0.13 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, nitric oxide production significantly decreased by 6.78-88.25% following the treatment with 31.2-500 ng/mL RT-transferosomes (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the freeze-thaw stability study displayed no significant change in stability in the sedimentation and pH of gel fortified with RT-transferosomes. The results suggested that RT-transferosome formulation can be effectively employed as natural biomedicines for scar prevention and the management of skin soft-tissue infections.

Piper betle extract and its application in bovine teat dipping solution inhibit and eliminate biofilms in bovine mastitis-inducing staphylococci.

Background and Aim: Staphylococci, including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus chromogenes, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus, are significant bacteria that induce bovine mastitis, primarily because they can form biofilms in bovine teat canals. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of Piper betle extract and a bovine teat dipping solution containing P. betle extract (BSP) against these mastitis-causing staphylococci. Materials and Methods: BSP was prepared using P. betle extract as the bioactive compound. The antibacterial activity of the plant extract and BSP against the pathogens was investigated using a broth microdilution method. The activity of the extract and BSP against the pathogen biofilms was also determined. A stability test was performed to observe the pH, color, turbidity, homogeneity, precipitation, and separation of BSP stored at 4°C and 25°C for up to 4 weeks. Results: The extract exhibited potent antibacterial activity against S. aureus and S. haemolyticus, with similar values for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranging from 0.03 mg/mL to 0.125 mg/mL. The MIC and MBC values of the extract against S. chromogenes were 0.5-1 mg/mL and 0.5-2 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, BSP exhibited MIC and MBC values of 12.5-50 v/v against all tested staphylococci isolates. When used at 1/2 and 1/4 × MIC, the extract and BSP significantly inhibited the formation of staphylococcal biofilms (p < 0.05) in the tested strains. The results indicated that treatment with 1/2 × MIC of the extract and BSP resulted in biofilm inhibition ranging from 30%-66% and 19%-39%, respectively. Furthermore, the extract at 16 × MIC eliminated 54%-86% of established mature isolate biofilms, whereas BSP removed 41%-61% of mature biofilm viability. Storage of BSP at 4°C did not change the factors associated with stability from the 1st to 4th week. Conclusion: These findings suggest that BSP may exhibit potential medicinal benefits in inhibiting the growth and biofilm formation of mastitis-inducing staphylococci in bovines.

Successful treatment of refractory erythrodermic psoriasis with traditional Thai herbal medicine.

BACKGROUND: Thai herbal formulations have been used traditionally in Thailand for the treatment of psoriasis. However, there is still a lack of scientific data supporting the effects of Thai herbal formulations in psoriasis treatment. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to demonstrate the therapeutic effects of Thai herbal formulations for the treatment of erythrodermic psoriasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All Thai herbal formulations (haematic tonic, lymphatic treatment, skin treatment) were obtained from a traditional Thai medicine doctor, Mr. Somporn Chanwanitsakul. The effects of Thai herbal formulations in a patient with erythrodermic psoriasis were assessed for four weeks. Primary outcome, psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) and secondary outcome, safety data and dermatology life quality index (DLQI) measurements were evaluated at baseline and four weeks. Then, in vitro biological activities (antioxidant, anti-microbial, cytotoxic effects, and anti-inflammatory) of Thai herbal formulations were determined to promote the therapeutic effects. RESULTS: Thai herbal formulations were safe and effective in the treatment of erythrodermic psoriasis and had a modest positive impact on the DQLI of the patient. In addition, in vitro studies have shown that all Thai herbal formulations revealed remarkable anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential to support their therapeutic activities. However, the Thai herbal formulations possessed weak intrinsic antibacterial activities against all tested bacterial strains (MIC and MBC E. coli, S. aureus, S. pyogenes, P. aeruginosa: > 256 µg/ml). CONCLUSION: The findings indicated that successful treatment of erythrodermic psoriasis with Thai herbal formulations was involved in their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. They could be considered as an alternative treatment for refractory erythrodermic psoriasis.

The Standardized Wood Extract of Albizia myriophylla: Its Potential as an Active Ingredient in an Anti-inflammatory Herbal Gel Formulation.

Albizia myriophylla has been used in Thai folk medicine for treating inflammation-related diseases. The wood of this medicinal plant is traditionally used as a single herbal drug in the form of an aqueous decoction and as a component in several Thai herbal formulations for the remedy of fever, sore throat, and aphthous ulcers. This study aimed to evaluate in vivo the anti-inflammatory potential and possible mechanism of action of the standardized wood extract of A. myriophylla as well as to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity and physicochemical properties of the developed herbal gel formulation containing standardized wood extract of A. myriophylla. Results of quantitative HPLC analysis demonstrated that the standardized wood extract of A. myriophylla contained 22.95 mg/g of 8-methoxy-7,3',4'-trihydroxyflavone, a bioactive marker compound of A. myriophylla. The standardized wood extract of A. myriophylla (1% w/v) exhibited remarkable inhibition (54.4 - 80.3%) in the croton oil model of topical inflammation at all assessment times, comparable to standard indomethacin (55.3 - 63.6%). Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to clarify the anti-inflammatory mechanism of standardized wood extract of A. myriophylla, and the result showed that this standardized extract decreased lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide synthase mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner. The developed herbal gel containing standardized wood extract of A. myriophylla (1% w/w) had good physicochemical characteristics and exhibited potent inhibition (51.4 - 77.8%) of inflammation in a rat ear edema model at all assessment times, comparable to indomethacin gel (33.3 - 40.5%). The notable anti-inflammatory activity of standardized wood extract of A. myriophylla and its developed herbal gel formulation indicates their potential application as natural anti-inflammatory agents.

In vivo safety assessment of rhodomyrtone, a potent compound, from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract.

BACKGROUND: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. has been traditionally used to relieve various diseases. Rhodomyrtone, a bioactive acylphloroglucinol compound isolated from the leaves of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, has been scientifically evidenced as a potential antibacterial agent. This study aimed to assess safety of rhodomyrtone in both invertebrate and vertebrate models. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Safety of rhodomyrtone was determined in an invertebrate model, Galleria mellonella as well as vertebrate models including zebrafish (Danio rerio) and murine. In addition, toxicity to human erythrocytes was also measured. RESULTS: Treatment of Galleria mellonella with rhodomyrtone at 100 mg/kg body weight up to four days showed no visible toxic effects (100 % survival). In zebrafish embryo model, at least 80 % survival of embryos was demonstrated when treated with rhodomyrtone at 0.5 µg/mL for three days. Prior to clinical trial, it is a prerequisite that rhodomyrtone has to be evaluated for its biocompatibility with human blood components. The results displayed that rhodomyrtone at 256 µg/mL did not cause any observable human erythrocyte haemolysis. Furthermore, preclinical assessment of rhodomyrtone formulation justified potential applications of rhodomyrtone in humans. Oral toxicity testing in a mouse model indicated the absence of systemic toxicity when the animals received up to 5000 mg/kg body weight of rhodomyrtone formulation for a period of fourteen days. CONCLUSIONS: As the minimal inhibitory concentration of rhodomyrtone against most Gram-positive pathogens is 0.5-1 µg/mL, the results suggest that it should produce no toxic effects at concentrations used in human, thus support further development in pharmaceutical industries and public health applications.

Antibacterial-coated silk surgical sutures by ex situ deposition of silver nanoparticles synthesized with Eucalyptus camaldulensis eradicates infections.

Surgical site infection arising from microbial contamination of surgical wounds is a major cause of surgical complications and prolong hospital stay. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesized using Eucalyptus camaldulensis extract were deposited on silk surgical sutures by ex situ method. Adherence of AgNPs to the surface of sutures was observed, with significantly reduced surface roughness (323.7 ± 16.64 nm), compared with uncoated sutures (469.3 ± 7.31 nm) (P < .001). Elasticity of AgNPs-coated (13 ± 1.485%) and uncoated (8 ± 0.728%) sutures was also significantly different (P < .05). Quantification of AgNPs demonstrated release of 3.88, 5.33, 5.44, 6.14% on day 1, 3, 5, 7, respectively from total Ag+ concentration (6.14 ± 0.14 µg/mL). The coated sutures produced a strong bacteriostatic effect on Staphylococcus aureus, an important wound pathogen with approximately 99% reduction in growth. In contrast, bactericidal effects were observed with Gram-negative pathogens including Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cytocompatibility tested on human keratinocyte cells exhibited approximately 80% cell viability. The coated sutures revealed stable antibacterial properties up to 12 weeks. This work suggested the potency of AgNPs-coated sutures as a suitable biocompatible medical device for the management of surgical site infections.