Outcome of liver transplantation for children with liver disease.

INTRODUCTION: The advent of liver transplantation has revolutionised the outcome of children with both acute liver failure and chronic end-stage liver disease. The aim of this study was to review the outcome of all paediatric liver transplants performed since the National Liver Transplant Programme began in 1990. METHODS: A retrospective review of all paediatric liver transplants from 1990 to December 2004 was performed. RESULTS: 46 liver transplants were performed in 43 children, of whom 23 (53.3 percent) were female. Median age at transplant was 21 months (range 11 months to 14 years). The most common indication for liver transplant was biliary atresia (71.7 percent). Living-related transplants accounted for 63 percent (29). Re-transplant rate was 6.5 percent with allograft loss as a result of hepatic artery thrombosis (two) and hepatic vein thrombosis (one). Tacrolimus was the primary immunosuppressive agent used in 89 percent of patients, with a 19.6 percent incidence of acute allograft rejection within the first six months. There were nine deaths. They were related to portal vein thrombosis (three), chronic rejection (one), sepsis (two), post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (two) and primary graft non-function (one). Overall actuarial one- and five-year survival rate was 85.7 percent and 81.8 percent, respectively. CONCLUSION: Liver transplantation is an established form of intervention for end-stage liver disease and a variety of liver-related metabolic disease. Our results are comparable to those of well-established liver transplant centres.

Making the diagnosis of biliary atresia using the triangular cord sign and gallbladder length.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the accuracy and utility of the triangular cord sign and gallbladder length in diagnosing biliary atresia by sonography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty fasted infants with cholestatic jaundice aged 2-12 weeks were examined sonographically using a 5-10 MHz linear array transducer, focusing on the triangular cord sign (as described by Choi et al. [1]), the gallbladder, and ducts. The triangular cord is defined as a triangular or tubular echogenic density seen immediately cranial to the portal vein bifurcation; it represents the fibrotic remnant of the obliterated cord in biliary atresia. The findings were blinded to blood chemistry, (99 m)Tc-DISIDA hepatobiliary scintigraphy, and liver biopsy. Diagnosis of biliary atresia was confirmed at surgery and histology. Non-biliary atresia infants resolved medically. Comparative charges of the various investigations was made. RESULTS: ++ Twelve infants had biliary atresia, and ten demonstrated a definite triangular cord. The two false-negatives had small or nonvisualized gallbladders. No false-positives were recorded. Gallbladder length ranged from 0-1.45 cm with a mean of 0. 52 cm in biliary atresia compared to a mean of 2.39 cm in nonbiliary atresia infants. (99 m)Tc-DISIDA hepatobiliary scintigraphy showed no excretion (false-positive) in 23 % of nonbiliary atresia cases. Scintigraphy and liver biopsy charges were 2 and 6 times that of sonography, respectively. CONCLUSION: The triangular cord sign and gallbladder length together are noninvasive, inexpensive, and very useful markers for biliary atresia.

Association of ambient air-pollution levels with acute asthma exacerbation among children in Singapore.

BACKGROUND: Air-pollution levels have been shown to be associated with increased morbidity of respiratory diseases. METHODS: Data for ambient air-pollutant levels, meteorologic factors, and hospitalization or emergency room (ER) visits for acute asthma in Singapore children over a 5-year period (1990-4) were obtained and analyzed for associations by time-series methods. RESULTS: Throughout this period, the annual mean and 24-h mean levels for sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and total suspended particles (TSP) and maximum 1-h daily average for ozone were generally within the air-quality guidelines established by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, positive correlation between levels of each of these pollutants and daily ER visits for asthma was observed in children aged 3-12 years, but not among adolescents and young adults (13-21 years old). The association with SO2 and TSP persisted after standardization for meteorologic and temporal variables. An adjusted increase in 2.9 ER visits for every 20 microg/m3 increase in atmospheric SO2 levels, lagged by 1 day, was observed on days when levels were above 68 microg/m3. With TSP, an adjusted increase of 5.80 ER visits for every 20 microg/m3 increase in its daily atmospheric levels, lagged by 1 day, was observed on days with levels above 73 microg/m3. Similar results were also obtained after controlling for autocorrelation by time-series analysis. CONCLUSIONS: These associations were observed even though the overall levels of all pollutants were generally within the air-quality guidelines established by the WHO. These findings suggest that asthmatic children are susceptible to increased levels of air pollutants, particularly SO2 and TSP, although the ambient levels are generally within "acceptable" ranges.

The incidence of IDDM in Singapore children.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in children 0-12 years of age in Singapore, which has a population of 2.9 million. METHODS: The primary source was a 2-year phone and mail survey of doctors in the government and government restructured hospitals and the private sector. The secondary source was the membership records of the Diabetes Society of Singapore. RESULTS: Using the capture-recapture method, ascertainment was assessed to be 92.2% complete. The age standardised incidence rate was 2.46 per 100,000 children 0-12 years old, for the period 1992-1994 (95% confidence interval: 2.16-2.75). The data seemed to indicate a rising incidence of IDDM in this population, being 1.4/100,000 in 1992, 2.4/100,000 in 1993 and 3.8/100,000 in 1994. The male: female ratio is 1:1.85. There was seasonal variation with fewer cases from July to October and more from November to May. Five percent of patients had a first degree relative with IDDM. Malays appeared to have a lower incidence (1.23/100,000) compared to the Chinese (2.25/100,000) and the Indians (5.78/100,000). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of IDDM in Singapore children is similar to that reported for Hong Kong and Japan, but higher than that for Shanghai. The female preponderance is similar to that seen in other Asian population. The data suggests a rising incidence of IDDM in Singapore and differences in incidence between the Malays, Chinese and Indians, but further observations are needed.

Normalization of vitamin B12 absorption after ileal resection in children.

Impaired Vitamin B12 absorption after significant ileal resection has been reported to be permanent, although partial recovery after ileal bypass can occur. Three children are presented in whom Vitamin B12 malabsorption returned to normal 6-8 years after ileal resection. This was due probably to adaptation of the remaining small bowel, although spontaneous resolution of bacterial overgrowth is a possible explanation. An abnormal Schilling test after ileal resection does not automatically imply the need for life-long Vitamin B12 injections.

Acute gastroenteritis in children--aetiology and comparison of two modes of treatment.

287 patients with Acute Gastroenteritis were studied. Rotavirus accounted for 29.7% and bacterial aetiology for 9.3% of the cases. In the early infant age group (0-6 months), bacterial aetiology (28.8%) was commoner than Rotavirus aetiology (7.7%). In the older age groups, Rotavirus was more common than bacteria as a cause for Gastroenteritis.

Acute appendicitis in Singapore children--some clinical aspects.

This retrospective study of 132 patients less than 12 years of age with Appendectomy done for Acute Appendicitis showed histological confirmation in 106 patients (80.3%) and a "negative appendix" rate of 19.7%. The appendix was perforated in 31 patients (23.5%). In those patients with confirmed Acute Appendicitis, males predominate (1.7 males: 1 female) and the peak incidence was in those 9 years of age or more. Abdominal pain was present in all patients except a 13 month old infant. Abdominal tenderness was also elicited in all patients except one. Fever was present in 83 patients (78.3%), vomiting in 82 patients (77.4%) and diarrhoea in 19 patients (17.9%). There were 2 deaths in this review, giving a mortality rate of 1.9%. Postoperative complications include wound infection (13.2%), pelvic abscess (0.9%), ileus (0.9%) and adhesion obstruction (0.9%).

Delayed recovery following acute gastroenteritis in children.

The purpose of this study is to identify the factors which are responsible for the delayed recovery in acute gastroenteritis (GE) in children. 372 children admitted to the University Department of Paediatrics were reviewed. 29 children (7.8%) required prolonged hospitalisation because of diarrhoea (delayed recovery group) and 343 children (92.2%) had short hospitalisation (normal recovery group). There was no significant difference in terms of race, sex, duration of symptoms before admission and severity of dehydration between the two groups. However, those with delayed recovery were significantly younger (mean age 14.4 months) than the normal recovery group (mean age 23.3 months). In the delayed recovery group, 32% were due to bacterial diarrhoea compared to 5.0% in the normal recovery group (p less than 0.05). The body weight of 31% of the delayed recovery group was less than the 3rd percentile (p less than 0.05). It is concluded that children take a longer time to recover from the bacterial GE than from non-bacterial GE. The younger children will take a longer time to recover from an episode of diarrhoea. The body weight also plays an important role in recovery, reflecting the importance of nutrition in the process of recovery.