Clinical prognosis and biological factors associated with survival in canines affected by breast neoplasms / Pronóstico clínico y factores biológicos asociados a la supervivencia en caninos afectados por neoplasias mamarias / Prognóstico clínico e fatores biológicos associados a supervivência em caninos afetados por neoplasias mamarias

Introduction: After the skin, breast glands are the location most commonly affected by tumors in bitches. Objectives: to evaluate the survival rate in canines affected by breast neoplasms submitted to surgery, relating the histopathological diagnosis with clinical factors of prognosis. Methodology: 52 bitches were included. The treatment established included mastectomy, previous blood and chest radiographic analysis in order to rule out metastasis. In 13 individuals, euthanasia was performed due to the advanced state of the disease. The variables analyzed were: frequency of presentation, age, reproductive history, diet, previous hormonal treatment, clinical stage, recurrence and survival. Statistical analysis of the variables was performed through analysis of variance and contingency tables based on chi-square tests (Χ²). Results: The effect of type of diagnosis on survival, age and pseudopregnancy showed significant differences (p<0.05). Opposite to this, no significant differences of the type of diagnosis on hormonal treatment, diet, early neutering and recurrence were observed. Conclusions: the determinant prognostic factor on survival was tumoral histopathological pattern (type of diagnosis). Animals with pseudopregnancy showed a higher susceptibility to suffer breast neoplasms. Benign tumors were observed in later ages than malignant.

Introducción: después de la piel, las glándulas mamarias son el sitio más común de afectación tumoral en las perras. Objetivos: evaluar la supervivencia en caninos afectados por neoplasias de la glándula mamaria que fueron sometidos a cirugía, relacionando el diagnóstico histopatológico con factores clínicos de pronóstico. Metodología: se incluyeron 52 perras. El tratamiento instaurado fue mastectomía, previo análisis sanguíneo y radiográfico del tórax con el fin de descartar metástasis. En 13 individuos se realizó la eutanasia debido al avanzado estado de la enfermedad. Las variables analizadas fueron: frecuencia de presentación, edad, historia reproductiva, dieta, tratamientos hormonales previos, estadificación clínica, recidivas y supervivencia. El análisis estadístico de las variables se realizó mediante el análisis de varianza y tablas de contingencia asociadas a la prueba de chi cuadrado (Χ²). Resultados: El efecto del tipo de diagnóstico sobre las variables supervivencia, edad y pseudogestación evidenciaron diferencias significativas (p<0,05), contrario a esto, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en el tipo de diagnóstico para las variables tratamiento hormonal, dieta, esterilización temprana y recidivas. Conclusiones: el factor pronóstico determinante en la sobrevida fue el patrón histopatológico tumoral (tipo de diagnóstico), los animales con pseudogestación evidenciaron una mayor susceptibilidad a padecer cáncer mamario. Los tumores benignos se manifestaron en edades más tardías que los malignos.

Introdução: depois da pele, as glâdulas mamarias são o sitio mais comum de afetação tumoral nas cadelas. Objetivo: avaliar a supervivência em cadelas afetados por neoplasias na glândula mamaria e que foram submetidas a cirurgia, relacionando além o diagnóstico histopatológico com fatores clínicos de prognóstico. Metodologia: incluíramse 52 cadelas. O tratamento instaurado foi mastectomia, prévio analise sanguíneo e radiográfico do tórax com o fim de descartar metástase. Em 13 indivíduos realizou-se a eutanásia devido ao avançado estado da doença. As variáveis analisadas foram: frequência de apresentação, idade, história reprodutiva, dieta, tratamentos hormonais prévios, estadificação clínica, recidiva e sobrevivência. O analise estatístico das variáveis realizou-se mediante o analise de variância e tabelas de contingência associadas ao teste chi quadrado (X2). Resultados: O efeito do tipo de diagnóstico sobre as variáveis supervivência, idade e pseudogestação evidenciaram diferenças significativas (p<0.05), contrário a isto, não se encontraram diferenças significativas no tipo de diagnostico para as variáveis tratamento hormonal, dieta, esterilização juvenil e recidivas. Conclusões: o fator prognóstico determinante na sobrevida foi o padrão histopatológico tumoral (tipo de diagnostico), os animais com pseudogestação evidenciaram uma maior susceptibilidade a padecer câncer mamário. Os tumores benignos manifestaram-se em idades mais tardias que os malignos.

A short-term arm-crank exercise program improved testosterone deficiency in adults with chronic spinal cord injury.

PURPOSE: To determine the influence of arm-crank exercise in reproductive hormone levels in adults with chronic SCI. Further objectives were to assess the influence of arm-crank exercise on muscle strength and body composition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen male adults with complete SCI at or below the 5th thoracic level (T5) volunteered for this study. Participants were randomly allocated to the intervention (n = 9) or control group (n = 8) using a concealed method. The participants in the intervention group performed a 12-week arm-crank exercise program, 3 sessions/week, consisting of warming-up (10-15 min) followed by a main part in arm-crank (20-30 min [increasing 2 min and 30 seconds each three weeks]) at a moderate work intensity of 50-65% of heart rate reserve (HRR) (starting at 50% and increasing 5% each three weeks) and by a cooling-down period (5-10 min). Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and estradiol were determined by ELISA. Muscle strength (handgrip) and body composition (waist circumference [WC]) were assessed. RESULTS: After the completion of the training program, testosterone level was significantly increased (p = 0.0166;d = 1.14). Furthermore, maximal handgrip and WC were significantly improved. Lastly, a significant inverse correlation was found between WC and testosterone (r =- 0.35; p = 0.0377). CONCLUSION: The arm-crank exercise improved reproductive hormone profile by increasing testosterone levels in adults with chronic SCI. A secondary finding was that it also significantly improved muscle strength and body composition in this group.

A short-term arm-crank exercise program improved testosterone deficiency in adults with chronic spinal cord injury

Purpose To determine the influence of arm-crank exercise in reproductive hormone levels in adults with chronic SCI. Further objectives were to assess the influence of arm-crank exercise on muscle strength and body composition. Materials and Methods Seventeen male adults with complete SCI at or below the 5th thoracic level (T5) volunteered for this study. Participants were randomly allocated to the intervention (n = 9) or control group (n = 8) using a concealed method. The participants in the intervention group performed a 12-week arm-crank exercise program, 3 sessions/week, consisting of warming-up (10-15 min) followed by a main part in arm-crank (20-30 min [increasing 2 min and 30 seconds each three weeks]) at a moderate work intensity of 50-65% of heart rate reserve (HRR) (starting at 50% and increasing 5% each three weeks) and by a cooling-down period (5-10 min). Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and estradiol were determined by ELISA. Muscle strength (handgrip) and body composition (waist circumference [WC]) were assessed. Results After the completion of the training program, testosterone level was significantly increased (p = 0.0166;d = 1.14). Furthermore, maximal handgrip and WC were significantly improved. Lastly, a significant inverse correlation was found between WC and testosterone (r =- 0.35; p = 0.0377). Conclusion The arm-crank exercise improved reproductive hormone profile by increasing testosterone levels in adults with chronic SCI. A secondary finding was that it also significantly improved muscle strength and body composition in this group. .

A short-term training program reduced oxidative damage in elderly diabetic rats.

INTRODUCTION: Recent studies concluded long-term training programs have improved antioxidant system in young and adults diabetic rats. However, to our knowledge, little attention has been paid to elderly individuals. OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of a shorter training program in reducing oxidative damage in elderly diabetic rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-four male homozygous Zucker diabetic fatty rats (Gmi, fa/fa) aged 18-weeks with an average weight of 370- 450 g were purchased. After a 2-week period of environmental adaptation, animals were randomly distributed into exercised group (n = 12) that performed a 6-week swimming training protocol and sedentary group (n = 12). Animals were sacrificed 24-h after the last exercise session under anesthesia. Serum metabolic profile was determined. Lipid oxidation, expressed as malondialdehyde and protein oxidation, expressed as carbonyl groups, were assessed in plasma samples. This protocol was approved by an Institutional Ethics Committee. RESULTS: Exercised rats improved significantly their metabolic profile in comparison to controls. Plasma malondialdehyde (1.58 ± 0.39 vs. 2.06 ± 0.41 nmol/mL; p = 0.016) and carbonyl group levels (1.37 ± 0.33 vs. 1.62 ± 0.58 UA; p = 0.011) were also significantly lowered in exercised rats when compared to sedentary counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: A 6-week swimming training program reduced lipid and protein oxidation in elderly fatty diabetic rats. Further studies on this topic are required.

La morfología femenina como método de valoración de la estética corporal em estudiantes universitarias de Andalucia (España) / Na aesthetic analysis by means of assessment of female morphology in university students from Andalusia (Spain)

El presente trabajo pretende conocer y analizar la morfoestética corporal real e ideal de la mujer joven universitaria de Andalucía (España). Para ello diseñamos un estudio en el que participarán 400 jóvenes, 50 porcada una de las universidades de las 8 provincias andaluzas, a las que se hará un examen antropométrico paradeterminar su índice de masa corporal así como el porcentaje de masa grasa. Asimismo cada participantecumplimentará un cuestionario diseñado por nuestro propio equipo con 20 ítems referentes a la morfoestética. El valor medio del IMC de las encuestadas fue de 21.45 ± 1.68 Kg/m2 con un porcentaje de masa grasa del 25.13 ± 2.46 % lo que en conjunto muestra una clara tendencia a la delgadez. Igualmente convendría destacarse que el 77% de las jóvenes universitarias afirmó encontrarse satisfecha con su imagen corporal y que tan solo el 11% considero que si adelgazara se sentiría más feliz. En cualquier caso es interesante que la práctica deejercicio físico sea el método preferido mayoritariamente para perder peso.De todo esto se deduce, además dela coherencia en las respuestas, que las jóvenes estudiantes universitarias andaluzas son conscientes de sufigura corporal y se sienten mayoritariamente a gusto con su cuerpo que encaja en un prototipo muy similar almarcado por la sociedad actual.

In the present study the actual and desired morpho-aesthetic aspects of young female university students from Andalusia (Spain) were assessed and analyzed. To reach this goal, 400 young female students from 8 Universities of Andalusia enrolled the study. Initially they all underwent a kineanthropometric assessment to determine their Body Mass Index as well as their fat mass percentage. They filled out an anonymous questionnaire that included 20 items referred to morpho-aesthetics aspects. The mean value of BMI was 21.45 ± 1.68 Kg/m2 and the fat mass percentage of the group was 25.13 ± 2.46 % of total body mass. In addition, 77% of participants accept their body image whereas only 11% of them expressed that they would be happier if they lose weight. In any case it should be mentioned that physical activity was considered the best strategy to loseweight. Finally, we concluded that young female university students from Andalucia accept their body imagebecause, among other reasons, it is very similar to the morphological type valued by our society.