Evaluating the impact of gypsum as a novel bedding material on broiler performance, foot pad health, and fear response.

Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) gypsum is a byproduct of the coal-fired power plant process commonly used to remove sulfur dioxide emissions from the flue gas. FGD gypsum has numerous industrial, agricultural, and environmental applications. This study aimed to explore a novel approach involving the use of FGD gypsum combined with different litter treatments as bedding for broiler production. It focused on performance metrics, including adjusted feed conversion ratio (AFCR) and average body weight (BW), foot pad dermatitis (FPD), and fear response over 5 consecutive flocks. A total of 1,800 one-day-old Ross 708 chicks were randomly assigned to 24 pens (75 birds/pen), divided into 6 treatment groups (4 pens/treatment), with 5 replications and raised until 42 d old (d). Treatments were gypsum that was decaked (D), rotovated (E), and rotovated then windrowed (F) between flocks. Control treatments using pine shavings were decaked (A), rotovated (B), and windrowed postrotovating (C). AFCR, average BW, and mortality were used as a measure of production. Foot pad dermatitis scores were taken on d42 using a scale of 0 (absence), 1 (mild), and 2 (severe). Response to observer and human approach test were used to measure fear response. Data were analyzed as a 2-way ANOVA (Proc Glimmix) for the main effects of bedding type and litter treatment. Means were identified using Tukey's HSD. No effect of bedding type or litter treatment was found for AFCR, BW, or mortality. FPD scores 2 and 1, were higher with pine shavings than gypsum (P = 0.01 and P = 0.01, respectively). While FPD scores 0 were higher for gypsum than the pine shaving (P = 0.01). No difference in fear response was found among birds raised on any of the gypsum litter treatments and any of the pine shaving litter treatments. Overall, the use of gypsum as bedding results in equivalent production and fear response to pine shavings, while increasing FPD quality when compared to pine shaving.

In vitro Effect of Photoactive Compounds Curcumin and Chlorophyllin Against Single Strains of Salmonella and Campylobacter.

Salmonella and Campylobacter are two of the most common foodborne pathogens associated with poultry meat. Regulatory restrictions and consumer concerns have increased the interest for plant-derived antimicrobials and emerging novel technologies. The objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of photoactive compounds curcumin (CUR) and chlorophyllin (CH) followed by activating light exposure for the reduction of Salmonella and Campylobacter. Peroxyacetic acid (PAA) was also evaluated as a poultry industry standard antimicrobial processing aid. CUR and CH were evaluated in 96-well plates at concentrations of 100, 500, and 1,000 ppm, along with PAA at 100, 200, and 300 ppm, or distilled water (DW). Each well was inoculated with 105 CFU/mL of Salmonella Typhimurium or Campylobacter jejuni, and plates were exposed to activating light (430 nm) for 0 or 5 min. No detectable reductions were observed for Salmonella or Campylobacter when treated with CUR, CH, or 100 ppm PAA. However, when Salmonella was treated with 200 ppm PAA, counts were reduced from 4.57 to 2.52 log10 CFU/mL. When Salmonella was treated with 300 ppm PAA, counts were reduced to below detectable levels (5 CFU/mL). Campylobacter was reduced from 4.67 to 2.82 log10 CFU/mL when treated with 200 ppm PAA. However, no further reductions were observed when Campylobacter was treated with 300 ppm PAA (2.50 log10 CFU/mL). These results indicate that CUR and CH were not effective as antimicrobials under the evaluated conditions, particularly in comparison to the commonly used antimicrobial, PAA.

Effect of translucency and eggshell color on broiler breeder egg hatchability and hatch chick weight.

A successful hatch has a considerable economic impact on all poultry companies. The aim of the current study was to describe the possible effects of shell translucency (T score) and coloration lightness (L* value) on shell thickness, hatchability, and chick weight. A total of 4,320 eggs from 4 commercial Ross 708 breeder flocks (50-55-wk old) were used. Eggs were selected for T score and L* value. A 3-point subjective scoring system was used for T score (1 = low, 2 = medium, 3 = high), and an electronic colorimeter for L* value, sorting the eggs as light (avg. L* = 80.7) or dark (avg. L* = 76.0). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (V9.4) and Tukey's HSD test was performed to separate means, a significant difference was considered when P ≤ 0.05. Results suggest that the color of the eggshell was related to the egg weight on the day of collection (P = 0.0056) and at transfer (P = 0.0211), in both cases dark eggs were 0.6 g heavier than light eggs. Dark eggs had a 3.8% increased hatchability of egg set (P = 0.0481) and yielded 6 µm thicker shells (P = 0.0019) when compared to light eggs. Regarding translucency, egg weight at transfer was 0.8 g heavier for T score 1 eggs compared to T score 3 (P = 0.0358). The translucency score of 1 had a 6.9% higher hatchability of eggs set (P = 0.0127) and 0.7 g heavier chick weight (P = 0.0385) compared to T score 3. However, T score 1 eggs had shells 28 µm thinner than the T score 2 and 34 µm thinner than T score 3 (P < 0.0001). An interaction effect was observed for eggshell thickness, L* value, and T score, where eggs classified as light with T score 1 had thinner eggshells compared to those that were dark with T score 3 (P = 0.0292). These results suggest that eggshell translucency and coloration lightness can be good noninvasive indicators of eggshell thickness, hatchability, and chick weight in broiler breeder flocks.

Phylogeny of the Bacillus altitudinis Complex and Characterization of a Newly Isolated Strain with Antilisterial Activity.

ABSTRACT: Bacillus strain UTK D1-0055 was isolated from a laboratory environment and appeared to have antilisterial activity. The genome was sequenced, the strain was identified as Bacillus altitudinis, and a high-quality complete annotated genome was produced. The taxonomy was evaluated for this and related Bacillus species (B. aerophilus, B. pumilus, B. safensis, B. stratosphericus, and B. xiamenensis) because the taxonomy is unclear and contains errors in public databases such as NCBI. The included strains grouped into seven clusters based on average nucleotide identity. Strains designated as B. aerophilus, B. altitudinis, and B. stratosphericus grouped together in the cluster containing the B. altitudinis type strain, suggesting that these three species should be considered a single species, B. altitudinis. The antimicrobial activity of UTK D1-0055 was evaluated against a panel of 15 Listeria strains (nine Listeria monocytogenes serotypes, Listeria innocua, and Listeria marthii), other foodborne pathogens (six Salmonella enterica serotypes and Escherichia coli), and three representative fungi (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Botrytis cinerea, and Hyperdermium pulvinatum). Antibacterial activity was observed against all Listeria strains, but no antibacterial effects were found against the other tested bacterial and fungal strains. Biosynthetic gene clusters were identified in silico that may be related to the observed antibacterial activity, and these clusters included genes that putatively encode bacteriocins and nonribosomally synthesized peptides. The B. altitudinis strain identified in this investigation had a broad range of antilisterial activity, suggesting that it and other related strains may be useful for biocontrol in the food industry.

Cervical cancer prevention in El Salvador: A prospective evaluation of screening and triage strategies incorporating high-resolution microendoscopy to detect cervical precancer.

Cervical cancer remains a leading cause of cancer death for women in low- and middle-income countries. The goal of our study was to evaluate screening and triage strategies, including high-resolution microendoscopy (HRME), to detect cervical abnormalities concerning for precancer at the point of care. Women (n = 1824) were enrolled at the Instituto de Cáncer de El Salvador. All underwent screening by both human papillomavirus (HPV) testing using careHPV and visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA). Screen-positives, along with 10% of screen-negatives, were invited to return for a follow-up examination that included triage with VIA, colposcopy and HRME imaging. Biopsies were taken of any abnormalities identified. If no abnormalities were identified, then the worst scoring site by HRME was biopsied. The sensitivities of HPV testing and VIA to screen for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia Grade 2 or more severe diagnoses (CIN2+) were 82.1% and 75% (P = .77), while the specificities were 90.4% and 80.9% (P < .001), respectively. The sensitivities of VIA, colposcopy and HRME as triage tests for CIN2+ were 82.1%, 82.1% and 71.4%, respectively (P ≥ .38). HRME had a significantly higher specificity (66.7%) than VIA (51.9%) (P < .001) and colposcopy (53.3%) (P < .001). When evaluating different theoretical screening and triage strategies, screening with HPV testing followed by triage with HRME would result in more women receiving appropriate care (97%) compared to screening with VIA (75%) or HPV alone (90%). Our findings demonstrate that screening with HPV is superior to VIA, and that triage with HRME imaging increases the specificity of detecting CIN2+ at the point of care in a low-resource setting.

Factores de riesgo asociados a la severidad de la Infección causada por el virus Sincitial Respiratorio (Vsr) en Menores de 2 Años del Hospital Benjamin Bloom de San Salvador, El Salvador 2014-2015 / Risk factors associated with the severity of the infection caused by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (Vsr) in Children Under 2 Years of Benjamin Bloom Hospital in San Salvador, El Salvador 2014-2015

El estudio "Factores de riesgo asociados a la severidad de la infección causada por virus Sincitial respiratorio VSR en menores de 2 años del Hospital Benjamín Bloom de San Salvador, El Salvador 2014 - 2015", tenía como objetivos Determinar los factores de riesgo asociados a la severidad de la infección causada por VSR en niños menores de 2 años, en el hospital Benjamín Bloom de El Salvador 2014 ­ 2015. La hipótesis planteada fue que La prematurez es el factor de riesgo mayormente asociado a la severidad de la infección causada por el VSR en niños menores de 2 años en el Hospital Benjamín Bloom de San Salvador, El Salvador 2014 ­ 2015. El diseño se corresponde con un estudio observacional, analítico, de casos y controles, en el que se definieron como Casos todo niño que cumpla con la definición de caso IRAG (fiebre o historia de fiebre igual o mayor a 38°C, tos de hasta 10 días de evolución de síntomas y necesidad de hospitalización), niños menores de 2 años que ingresaron a UCI con una muestra respiratoria positiva a VSR; y como Controles todo niño que cumpla con la definición de caso IRAG, niños menores de 2 años que ingresaron a Infectología (no a UCI) del 2014-2015, con una muestra respiratoria positiva a VSR. Entre los resultados más relevantes se encontró que de 132 niños menores de 2 años el 34% son casos y el 66% son controles para una relación entre casos y controles de 1:2. Los factores asociados a la severidad fueron la exposición al humo de tabaco y leña es 3.6 veces el riesgo (un OR= 3.68, IC 95% = [1.12-12.05], = 5.16 y P=0.016), la prematurez es 8.5 veces el riesgo (OR= 8.58, IC 95% = [2.86- 25.71], = 18.41 y P=0.00002), la desnutrición es 1.8 veces el riesgo (OR= 2.94, IC 95% = [1.06-8.09], = 4.63 y P=0.02), las cardiopatías congénitas es 3.9 veces el riesgo (OR= 3.97, IC 95% = [1.09-14.90], = 4.95 y P=0.01), los demás factores de riesgo no tienen relación con la severidad de la infección respiratoria por VSR