Abscesos cerebrales múltiples por Streptococcus milleri / Multiple brain abscesses due to Streptococcus milleri

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[Multiple brain abscesses due to Streptococcus milleri]. / Abscesos cerebrales múltiples por Streptococcus milleri.

TITLE: Abscesos cerebrales múltiples por Streptococcus milleri.

Raman spectroscopy insights into the α- and δ-phases of formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3).

Solar perovskites have received phenomenal attention and success over the past decade, due to their high power conversion efficiencies (PCE), ease of fabrication and low cost which has enabled the prospect of them being a real commercial contender to the traditional silicon technology. In one of the several developments on the archetypal MAPbI3 perovskite absorber layer, FAPbI3 was found to obtain a higher PCE, likely due to its more optimum band gap, with doping strategies focusing on the inclusion of MA+/Cs+ cations to avoid the unfavourable phase transformation to a photoinactive phase. To better understand the phase change from the photoactive cubic (Pm3[combining macron]m) black (α) phase to the unwanted photoinactive (P63/mmc) yellow (δ) phase, we make use of variable temperature Raman spectroscopy to probe the molecular species and its relationship to the inorganic framework. We show for the first time there to be no Raman active modes for the α phase up to 4000 cm-1, which can be correlated to the Pm3[combining macron]m cubic symmetry of that phase. Our detailed studies suggest that previous reports of the observation of Raman peaks for this phase are likely associated with degradation reactions from the localised laser exposure and the formation of Raman active lead oxide. In addition, we have identified water as a contributing factor to the transformation, and observed a corresponding signal in the Raman spectra, although confirmation of its exact role still remains inconclusive.

[Secondary glomerulonephritis in neurofibromatosis type 1. Two case reports]. / Síndrome nefrótico secundario en neurofibromatosis tipo 1. A propósito de dos casos.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) is an autosomal dominant neurocutaneous disorder with systemic clinical manifestations. There are few publications about the renal effects of this disease, with renal vascular disease and adrenal tumors being the most frequent forms of renal involvement, while cases describing glomerular effects are exceptional. Despite the lack of published information, common molecular mechanisms in both NF-1 and nephrotic syndrome, involving the mTOR pathway, were suggested to explain a possible association between both pathologies. We present two cases of renal involvement in the form of nephrotic syndrome in patients diagnosed with NF1. A 41-year-old female was diagnosed of NF-1 in the context of a nephrotic syndrome with resistance to steroid treatment; the renal biopsy revealed a diagnosis of minimal changes disease. The second case is other 71-year-old woman with a history of NF-1, who presented a nephrotic syndrome and secondary renal amyloidosis.

Síndrome nefrótico secundario en neurofibromatosis tipo 1. A propósito de dos casos / Secondary glomerulonephritis in neurofibromatosis type 1. Two case reports

La Neurofibromatosis tipo I (NF-1) es un desorden neurocutáneo, con clínica multisistémica de tipo autosómica dominante de diagnóstico clínico. Hay escasas publicaciones sobre la afectación rwnal de esta enfermedad, siendo la patología vascular renal y los tumores suprarrenales, la forma de afectación renal más frecuente, y excepcional los casos descritos de afectación glomerular. Presentamos dos casos de síndrome nefrótico en pacientes con diagnóstico de NF-1. El primer caso, la paciente es una mujer de 41 años, diagnosticada de NF-1 durante el estudio de un síndrome nefrótico córtico-resistente, con diagnóstico de cambios mínimos. El segundo caso es una mujer de 71 años con antecedente de NF-1, con un síndrome nefrótico y una amiloidosis renal secundaria. A pesar de la escasez de información publicada actualmente sobre ello, se ha sugerido una posible asociación entre la NF-1 y el síndrome nefrótico, debida a mecanismos moleculares comunes en ambas patologías. Destacamos la importancia de estudiar un origen primario tratable del síndrome nefrótico

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) is an autosomal dominant neurocutaneous disorder with systemic clinical manifestations. There are few publications about the renal effects of this disease, with renal vascular disease and adrenal tumors being the most frequent forms of renal involvement, while cases describing glomerular effects are exceptional. Despite the lack of published information, common molecular mechanisms in both NF-1 and nephrotic syndrome, involving the mTOR pathway, were suggested to explain a possible association between both pathologies. We present two cases of renal involvement in the form of nephrotic syndrome in patients diagnosed with NF1. A 41-year-old female was diagnosed of NF-1 in the context of a nephrotic syndrome with resistance to steroid treatment; the renal biopsy revealed a diagnosis of minimal changes disease. The second case is other 71-year-old woman with a history of NF-1, who presented a nephrotic syndrome and secondary renal amyloidosis

Snapshots of a solid-state transformation: coexistence of three phases trapped in one crystal.

Crystal-to-crystal transformations have been crucial in the understanding of solid-state processes, since these may be studied in detail by means of single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) techniques. The description of the mechanisms and potential intermediates of those processes remains very challenging. In fact, solid-state transient states have rarely been observed, at least to a sufficient level of detail. We have investigated the process of guest extrusion from the non-porous molecular material [Fe(bpp)(H2L)](ClO4)2·1.5C3H6O (bpp = 2,6-bis(pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine; H2L = 2,6-bis(5-(2-methoxyphenyl)-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine; C3H6O = acetone), which occurs through ordered diffusion of acetone in a crystal-to-crystal manner, leading to dramatic structural changes. The slow kinetics of the transition allows thermal trapping of the system at various intermediate stages. The transiting single crystal can be then examined at these points through synchrotron SCXRD, offering a window upon the mechanism of the transformation at the molecular scale. These experiments have unveiled the development of an ordered intermediate phase, distinct from the initial and the final states, coexisting as the process advances with either of these two phases or, at a certain moment with both of them. The new intermediate phase has been structurally characterized in full detail by SCXRD, providing insights into the mechanism of this diffusion triggered solid-state phenomenon. The process has been also followed by calorimetry, optical microscopy, local Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. The discovery and description of an intermediate ordered state in a molecular solid-state transformation is of great interest and will help to understand the mechanistic details and reaction pathways underlying these transformations.

Apatite germanates doped with tungsten: synthesis, structure, and conductivity.

High oxygen content apatite germanates, La(10)Ge(6-x)W(x)O(27+x), have been prepared by doping on the Ge site with W. In addition to increasing the oxygen content, this doping strategy is shown to result in stabilisation of the hexagonal lattice, and yield high conductivities. Structural studies of La(10)Ge(5.5)W(0.5)O(27.5) show that the interstitial oxygen sites are associated to a different degree with the Ge/WO(4) tetrahedra, leading to five coordinate Ge/W and significant disorder for the oxygen sites associated with these units. Raman spectroscopy studies suggest that in the case of the WO(5) units, the interstitial oxygen is more tightly bonded and therefore not as mobile as in the case of the GeO(5) units, thus not contributing significantly to the conduction process.

Effect of oxygen content on the 29Si NMR, Raman spectra and oxide ion conductivity of the apatite series, La8+xSr2-x(SiO4)6O2+x/2.

29Si NMR data have been recorded for the apatite series La8+xSr2-x(SiO4)6O2+x/2 (0 < or = x < or = 1.0). For x = 0, a single NMR peak is observed at a chemical shift of approximately -77 ppm, while as the La : Sr ratio and hence interstitial oxygen content is increased, a second peak at a chemical shift of approximately -80 ppm is observed, which has been attributed to silicate groups neighbouring interstitial oxide ions. An increase in the intensity of this second peak is observed with increasing x, consistent with an increase in interstitial oxide ion content, and the data are used to estimate the level of interstitial oxide ions, and hence Frenkel-type disorder in these materials. The increase in second 29Si NMR peak intensity/interstitial oxide ion content is also shown to correlate with an increase in conductivity. The effect of interstitial oxygen content can also be studied by means of Raman spectroscopy, with a new mode at 360 cm(-1) appearing for samples with x > 0 in the symmetric bending mode energy region of the SiO4 group. The intensity of this mode increases with increasing oxygen content, yielding results comparable to those from the NMR studies, showing the complementarities of the two techniques.

[Isoenzymatic forms and distribution of adenylate kinase and creatine kinase in the bovine adrenal medulla]. / Formas isoenzimáticas y distribución de adenilato kinasa y creatín kinasa en médula suprarrenal bovina.

Adenylate kinase, creatine kinase as well as their substrate and product levels have been investigated in the adrenal medullary tissue. The concentration of adenine nucleotides and creatine + creatine phosphate are 12.6 +/- 0.4 and 6.9 +/- 0.4 mumol/g wet weight respectively. Adenylate kinase is mainly in the cytosol; only 4% was found in mitochondria. The cytosol enzyme presents a Km for AMP of 5 X 10(-4) M and a Ki for diadenosine pentaphosphate of 0.6 X 10(-6) M. In gel electrophoresis, only one band of adenylate kinase activity can be seen, and its mobility is different from that of the brain enzyme. Creatine kinase from adrenal medulla is mainly found in cytosol; only 3-4% was associated with mitochondria. The cytosolic enzyme is mainly the BB isozyme form.