Kidney transplant to vesicostomy: A safe strategy for children with end stage renal disease and lower urinary tract anomalies.

INTRODUCTION: Resolution of underlying urinary tract anomalies prior to kidney transplantation in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) secondary to uropathy, has been historically supported under the argument that this would help prevent infectious complications and graft loss. We propose to perform earlier kidney transplantation with a transient vesicostomy, deferring resolution of the uropathy to the post-transplantation period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of kidney transplantation in children with a vesicostomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective, multicenter study was performed including all patients under 18 years of age who underwent kidney transplantation with a vesicostomy, between January 2005 and December 2020 and had at least one year of follow up. Data related with the indication and timing of vesicostomy, time until transplantation, post-transplantation complications, urinary tract infections (UTI) and graft survival rate were collected. RESULTS: Of the 758 transplantations performed in the study period, 16 patients met the inclusion criteria. Mean age at transplantation was 58 months (range 20-151), and mean weight was 13.5 Kg (range 8.4-20). Mean time from vesicostomy to kidney transplantation was 30 months (range 0-70). There were 2 (12.5%) ureteral complications that required reoperation. Eighteen episodes of UTI were identified in 8 patients (50%), accounting for 0.4 UTIs per patient-year of follow-up. UTIs did not lead to graft loss in any of the cases. Urinary tract reconstruction was performed in 5 patients (31.3%) at an interval of 1-91 months post-transplantation. After a mean follow-up of 44.8 months (range 13-200) from transplantation, patients with vesicostomy had a mean creatinine clearance of 86.6 ml/min/1.73 m2, with a mean serum creatinine level of 0.6 mg/dl. Graft survival rate was 100%. DISCUSSION: Early kidney transplantation into a vesicostomy permits a resolution of the ESRD, avoiding deleterious effects related to dialysis. With a low rate of UTIs, we found no graft loss due to infectious complications. This strategy permits careful planning and better timing for the urinary tract reconstruction without delaying kidney transplantation. CONCLUSION: Kidney transplantation in pediatric patients with vesicostomy seems to be a safe and effective strategy. UTI rate was similar to that reported in the literature of patients with corrected urinary anomalies undergoing kidney transplantation without urinary diversion.

Fundus topographical distribution patterns of ocular toxoplasmosis.

BACKGROUND: To establish topographic maps and determine fundus distribution patterns of ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) lesions. METHODS: In this retrospective study, patients who presented with OT to ophthalmology clinics from four countries (Argentina, Turkey, UK, USA) were included. Size, shape and location of primary (1°)/recurrent (2°) and active/inactive lesions were converted into a two-dimensional retinal chart by a retinal drawing software. A final contour map of the merged image charts was then created using a custom Matlab programme. Descriptive analyses were performed. RESULTS: 984 lesions in 514 eyes of 464 subjects (53% women) were included. Mean area of all 1° and 2° lesions was 5.96±12.26 and 5.21±12.77 mm2, respectively. For the subset group lesions (eyes with both 1° and 2° lesions), 1° lesions were significantly larger than 2° lesions (5.52±6.04 mm2 vs 4.09±8.90 mm2, p=0.038). Mean distances from foveola to 1° and 2° lesion centres were 6336±4267 and 5763±3491 µm, respectively. The majority of lesions were found in temporal quadrant (p<0.001). Maximum overlap of all lesions was at 278 µm inferotemporal to foveola. CONCLUSION: The 1° lesions were larger than 2° lesions. The 2° lesions were not significantly closer to fovea than 1° lesions. Temporal quadrant and macular region were found to be densely affected underlining the vision threatening nature of the disease.

Risk factors for recurrences and visual impairment in patients with ocular toxoplasmosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) is caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. OT is the leading cause of posterior uveitis globally; it is a recurrent disease that may result in visual impairment and blindness. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to summarize and evaluate the risk factors for recurrences, visual impairment, and blindness described in the literature worldwide. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We performed a systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase, VHL, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and DANS EASY Archive. All studies reporting patients with clinically and serologically confirmed OT presenting any clinical or paraclinical factor influencing recurrences, visual impairment, and blindness were included. Studies presenting secondary data, case reports, and case series were excluded. An initial selection was made by title and abstract, and then the studies were reviewed by full text where the eligible studies were selected. Then, the risk of bias was assessed through validated tools. Data were extracted using a validated extraction format. Qualitative synthesis and quantitative analysis were done. This study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022327836). RESULTS: Seventy two studies met the inclusion criteria. Fifty-three were summarized in the qualitative synthesis in three sections: clinical and environmental factors, parasite and host factors, and treatment-related factors. Of the 72 articles, 39 were included in the meta-analysis, of which 14 were conducted in South America, 13 in Europe, four in Asia, three multinational, two in North America and Central America, respectively, and only one in Africa. A total of 4,200 patients with OT were analyzed, mean age ranged from 7.3 to 65.1 year of age, with similar distribution by sex. The frequency of recurrences in patients with OT was 49% (95% CI 40%-58%), being more frequent in the South American population than in Europeans. Additionally, visual impairment was presented in 35% (95% CI 25%-48%) and blindness in 20% (95% CI 13%-30%) of eyes, with a similar predominance in South Americans than in Europeans. On the other hand, having lesions near the macula or adjacent to the optic nerve had an OR of 4.83 (95% CI; 2.72-8.59) for blindness, similar to having more than one recurrence that had an OR of 3.18 (95% CI; 1.59-6.38). Finally, the prophylactic therapy with Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole versus the placebo showed a protective factor of 83% during the first year and 87% in the second year after treatment. CONCLUSION: Our Systematic Review showed that clinical factors such as being older than 40 years, patients with de novo OT lesions or with less than one year after the first episode, macular area involvement, lesions greater than 1 disc diameter, congenital toxoplasmosis, and bilateral compromise had more risk of recurrences. Also, environmental and parasite factors such as precipitations, geographical region where the infection is acquired, and more virulent strains confer greater risk of recurrences. Therefore, patients with the above mentioned clinical, environmental, and parasite factors could benefit from using prophylactic therapy.

Utilisation of composite endpoint outcome to assess efficacy of tocilizumab for non-infectious uveitis in the STOP-Uveitis Study.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To use a composite endpoint scoring system in assessing efficacy of two doses of intravenous tocilizumab (TCZ), in eyes with non-infectious uveitis. METHODS: Data from STOP-Uveitis Study (a phase 2 multicentre, randomised, interventional clinical trial), where monthly intravenous infusions of 4 mg/kg (Group 1) or 8 mg/kg (Group 2) TCZ until month 6 (M6) were administered, were used. Efficacy was ascertained by a composite endpoint scoring system consisting of: (1) visual acuity; (2) intraocular inflammation; (3) central retinal thickness; (4) posterior segment inflammation on fluorescein angiographic and (5) steroid taper. Each component of grading system was graded as ((+1) improvement, (-1) worsening or (0) no change) based on specific criteria. The clinical response was classified as positive (improvement in at least one parameter and worsening in none), negative (worsening of any parameter) or stable (neither improvement nor worsening of any parameter). The percentage achieving various clinical responses was compared between groups. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients were analysed. At M6, 31 (83.8%) subjects demonstrated a positive clinical response (Group 1=14 (77.8%) and Group 2=17 (89.5%)). Three (8.1%) subjects (all Group 1) met the criteria for treatment failure, whereas three (8.1%) subjects showed a stable clinical response (Group 1=1 and Group 2=2). The difference in clinical responses between study groups was not significant (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both doses of intravenous TCZ were effective in either improving or maintaining stability in patients using the composite endpoint scoring system. A composite scoring system as used in this study may be a better measure to assess efficacy outcomes as compared with only vitreous haze or other single outcome measures.

Reflectance adaptive optics findings in a patient with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease.

Purpose: To describe the reflectance adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) findings in different stages of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease and correlate them to visual gain post treatment. Confocal (cAOSLO) and non-confocal split-detector AOSLO (sdAOSLO) were used to assess longitudinally the status of the photoreceptors in a patient with VKH managed on corticosteroid and immunomodulatory therapy. Observation: A 32-year-old Japanese American female presented with a 2-week history of blurred vision in both eyes (OU) and worsening headache previously diagnosed as a case of VKH and treated with high dose oral prednisone. At the time of presentation, though vision was improving, and frank serous retinal detachments were absent, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) showed presence of residual subretinal fluid with disruption of the photoreceptor inner segments and outer segments (IS/OS) involving OU. The photoreceptor mosaic at the foveal center appeared very sparse with large areas devoid of visible photoreceptors on cAOSLO, in agreement with the SD-OCT data. sdAOSLO imaging over the same location shows a higher number of contiguous photoreceptors. After imaging, the patient was started on mycophenolate mofetil as steroid-sparing long-term therapy. Three months later, visual acuity improved to 20/20 OU, and SD-OCT showed almost complete resolution of subretinal fluid with significant improvement of the IS/OS SD-OCT signal, OU. cAOSLO imaging revealed a contiguous photoreceptor mosaic without gaps and of normal appearance. Conclusions and Importance: VKH patients may demonstrate transient photoreceptor abnormalities on SD-OCT and cAOSLO imaging. sdAOSLO imaging revealed intact photoreceptor segments in areas that appeared as voids on cAOSLO, which later showed structural recovery on SD-OCT and cAOSLO. Therefore, sdAOSLO may predict potential for improvement in patients wherein there appears to be photoreceptor loss in cAOSLO and/or SD-OCT.

Correlation of Clinical Aqueous Flare Grading to Semi-Automated Flare Measurements Using Laser Flare Photometry.

PURPOSE: To compare laser flare photometry (LFP) measurements of aqueous flare with Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) and modified SUN grading. METHODS: In this prospective study with multicenter design, uveitis patients were classified according to SUN and modified SUN grading scales. LFP was performed with Kowa FM-700 flaremeter. Mean LFP values were compared with SUN and MSUN scores. RESULTS: The study included 475 LFP measurements, of which 216, 48, 150, 31, 28 and 2 had 0, 0.5+, 1+, 1.5+, 2+ and 3+ flare, respectively. LFP values were significantly different between each two consecutive steps for both clinical gradings (all P < .05). Cut-off values for modified SUN grading steps were defined as 5.7, 9.7, 15.7 and 43.2 for 0/0.5+, 0.5+/ 1+, 1+/1.5+ and 1.5/2+ borders of clinical flare, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: LFP proves to be an objective measurement in analyzing aqueous flare comparable to both SUN and MSUN clinical grading systems.

Correlation between Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness and Anterior Segment Inflammation in Patients with Chronic Stage of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease.

PURPOSE: To correlate changes in subfoveal choroidal thickness (SCT) with the degree of anterior inflammatory activity in chronic Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease. METHODS: Anterior segment inflammation was assessed using SUN anterior chamber cell grading criteria, and SCT was measured using EDI-OCT in patients with VKH at multiple visits. ANOVA was used to compare the mean SCT for each anterior chamber cell grade. Regression analysis was used to correlate the anterior segment cell grade and the SCT. RESULTS: 14 patients were included in the study. A total of 432 data points consisting of SCT and anterior segment cell values were analyzed. ANOVA demonstrated significant difference between the mean SCT for different anterior chamber cell grades (p < .0001). Regression analysis demonstrated significant correlation between SCT and grade of anterior chamber cells (R2 = 0.37, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Chronic VKH is characterized by a dynamic change in SCT that correlates with anterior segment inflammatory activity.

Importance of Doppler ultrasound in vaginal foreign body: case report and review of the literature.

The aim of this paper is to describe the distinctive ultrasound findings of a case of vaginal bleeding caused by the presence of a foreign body. We present the case of an infant who consulted for vaginal bleeding and foul-smelling discharge. The ultrasound revealed signs of vaginal distension due to heterogeneous-hematic contents and parietal thickening. At Doppler examination, a striking finding of increased vascularization limited to the upper two-thirds of the vaginal wall was found, which was initially interpreted as a sign of local inflammation suggesting the presence of an underlying foreign body. At direct vaginoscopic examination remains of toilet paper in the vaginal fundus were found. The presence of a foreign body in the vagina is an uncommon cause of discharge and vaginal bleeding in pediatrics, therefore, this etiology should be kept in mind when the adequate clinical context arises. Doppler ultrasound represents a first-line complementary method when this entity is suspected.

Laparoscopic Upper-pole Heminephrectomy for the Management of Duplex Kidney: Outcomes of a Multicenter Cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the outcomes of patients undergoing upper-pole heminephrectomy surgery and to assess the different variables that may have an impact on outcome, specifically regarding morbidity and the need for further surgeries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of patients who underwent laparoscopic upper-pole heminephrectomy for a nonfunctional moiety between August 2007 and December 2019 was conducted at 3 centers. A total of 130 patients met the inclusion criteria. A transperitoneal approach was used. The following variables were evaluated: (1) preoperative: presentation, presence of ureterocele and history of ureterocele incision, hydronephrosis grade, presence of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), and differential renal function (DRF) on renal scintigraphy; and (2) postoperative outcomes: Doppler ultrasound, renal scintigraphy, complications, febrile urinary tract infection, lower urinary tract symptoms, and need for further surgery. Findings were considered statistically significant at P <.05. RESULTS: Postoperative complications were observed in 5 patients (3.8%). Six patients (4.6%) needed further surgeries after heminephrectomy. The presence of ureterocele and VUR was related with the need for further surgeries odds ratio (OR) 4.91, P = .0415) and the occurrence of postoperative febrile urinary tract infection (OR 2.81, P = .0376). A 13.9% incidence of lower urinary tract symptoms was found with no difference between patients with ureterocele and those with an ectopic ureter. Renal scintigraphy showed a median decrease in DRF of 2.7%. No patient had complete loss of function. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic upper-pole heminephrectomy showed to be a feasible and safe procedure. In most patients this surgery will be the definitive procedure. Patients with both VUR and ureterocele will need special consideration. No significant loss of function in the remaining lower moiety was found.

Safety of systemic therapy for noninfectious uveitis.

Introduction: The treatment strategies for noninfectious uveitis (NIU) aim to achieve disease remission, prevention of recurrences, and preserving vision, while minimizing the side effects associated with the therapies used.Areas covered: The index review aims to provide a detailed overview of the adverse events and safety parameters associated with the systemic therapies for the management of the NIU.Expert opinion: Despite being the cornerstone of management of acute cases of NIU, long-term corticosteroid use is associated with multi-system side effects, requiring the use of steroid-sparing agents. Adalimumab was recently approved by the FDA for the management of NIU based on the results of VISUAL studies. Similarly, newer drugs targeting various aspects of the inflammatory cascade are being developed. However, until we completely understand the molecular pathways of the inflammatory diseases, the therapeutic profile of these newer agents needs to be broad enough to suppress inflammatory cascade and narrow enough to spare normal cellular processes. Another strategy that has shown some potential in decreasing the systemic side effects is to provide local drug delivery. Therefore, the future of management of NIU is very bright with many novel therapeutic agents and strategies of drug delivery on the horizon.

Spectral optical coherence tomography findings in an adult patient with syphilitic bilateral posterior uveitis and unilateral punctate inner retinitis.

PURPOSE: To describe the spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) features of a punctate inner retinitis, a rare ocular manifestation of syphilis, in an HIV positive adult patient. OBSERVATIONS: In the right eye, SD-OCT images during the active period showed hyperreflectivity of the full thickness of the inner retina, precluding the individualization of the layers. In addition, multifocal areas with higher hyperreflectivity were identified within the affected retina. Once the lesion became inactive, SD-OCT images revealed inner retina layers atrophy, disruption of the ellipsoid layer, and multifocal damage to the retinal pigment epithelium layer. CONCLUSION AND IMPORTANCE: Punctate inner retinitis affects the full thickness retina, leading to severe retinal damage, along with multifocal damage of the retinal pigment epithelium. The multifocal white retinal lesions observed within the affected retinal area correlated with the presence of intense hyperreflective dots within the retina showed by SD-OCT. These lesions are deeper than was described in other reports.

New therapies in development for the management of non-infectious uveitis: A review.

Uveitis is a spectrum of inflammatory disorders characterized by ocular inflammation and is one of the leading causes of preventable visual loss. The main aim of the treatment of uveitis is to control the inflammation, prevent recurrences of the disease and preserve vision while minimizing the adverse effects associated with the therapeutic agents. Initial management of uveitis relies heavily on the use of corticosteroids. However, monotherapy with high-dose corticosteroids is associated with side effects and cannot be maintained long term. Therefore, steroid-sparing agents are needed to decrease the burden of steroid therapy. Currently, the therapeutic approach for non-infectious uveitis (NIU) consists of a step-ladder strategy with the first-line option being corticosteroids in various formulations followed by the use of first-, second- and third-line agents in cases with suboptimal steroid response. Unfortunately, the agents currently at our disposal have limitations such as having a narrow therapeutic window along with their own individual potential side-effect profiles. Therefore, research has been targeted to identify newer drugs as well as new uses for older drugs that target specific pathways in the inflammatory response. Such efforts are made in order to provide targeted and safer therapy with reduced side effects and greater efficacy. Several specially designed molecular antibodies are currently in various phases of investigations that can potentially halt the inflammation in patients with NIU. In the review, we have provided a comprehensive overview of the current and upcoming therapeutic options for patients with NIU.

Acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinopathy: An infectious or autoimmune disease?

PURPOSE: To report a case of acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinopathy (ASPPC) that demonstrated partial resolution with immunosuppressive therapy secondary to a misdiagnosis as Behçet's disease followed by a relapse which was successfully treated with the appropriate treatment. OBSERVATIONS: A 34-year-old female patient presented to our service with complaints of decreased vision in the left eye (OS). She initially developed similar symptoms seven months prior to presentation and was diagnosed as Behçet's disease based on the clinical picture of papillitis, vasculitis and placoid chorioretinitis in the posterior pole of OS. She was started on daily oral prednisone 60 mg and weekly methotrexate 10mg by her rheumatologist. The patient's ocular symptoms improved one month prior to presentation with resolution of the placoid lesion but persistence of vasculitis and papillitis. At that time, the dose of the prednisone was decreased to 30 mg which resulted in a relapse of the placoid chorioretinal lesions and worsened visual acuity at the time of presentation to us. Extensive laboratory workup demonstrated positive serology for syphilis. A diagnosis of syphilitic placoid chorioretinitis was made and the patient was treated with intravenous penicillin G for 2 weeks. The vitritis, papillitis, and placoid chorioretinitis resolved along with improvement in vision following the treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE: Ocular findings in syphilis are heterogeneous and may mimic variety of ocular diseases. ASPPC is a rare ocular manifestation of syphilis and its natural course and underlying pathophysiology is not well understood. However, irrespective of the underlying mechanism of the disease, all patients with ASPPC should receive treatment to prevent recurrence and long-term functional damage.

Results of Treatment of Grades IV and V Vesicoureteral Reflux with Endoscopic Injection of Polyacrylate Polyalcohol Copolymer.

PURPOSE: Here we report the results of a review of a prospectively maintained database of the use polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer (PPC) injection to correct grades IV and V VUR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All children with grades IV and V primary VUR that presented with febrile urinary tract infection while on prophylaxis, in a 3-year period, were treated with a sub-ureteral injection of PPC. Institutional ethical approval was obtained. Exclusion criteria were incomplete bladder emptying documented on videourodynamic study, ureteral duplication, paraureteral diverticula, and poor ureteral emptying observed during fluoroscopy and previous open surgical or endoscopic treatment. Pre- and post-operative evaluation included urinalysis, renal and bladder ultrasonography, DMSA scan, and videourodynamic studies. RESULTS: Thirty-three children [36 renal units (RU)] were included with a median age of 57 months (range 7-108). There were 18 boys and 15 girls. Thirty RU had grade IV and 6 grade V VUR. Median follow-up time was 32 months (range 7-58). Reflux was cured in 32/36 RU with the first injection, but another two patients were reimplanted because of dilatation. Complications included early urinary tract infection in seven children, transient lower urinary tract symptoms in five children. Progressive ureteral dilatation was noted in four children and was treated with insertion of a double J stent. Two of these children eventually required an ureteroneocystostomy. CONCLUSION: The use of PPC to treat grades IV and V vesicoureteral reflux in young children has an overall success rate of 83.3%. Persistent ureteral dilatation was present in 11% associated with high injection volume. Future studies will attempt to maintain a high success rate reducing the volume of injection and the incidence of dilatation.

Simplified surgical approach to congenital megaprepuce: fixing, unfurling and tailoring revisited.

PURPOSE: Megaprepuce is a congenital penile malformation that includes phimosis and severe ballooning of the internal prepuce. We combined the main technical details of 2 previously reported surgical techniques to simplify the surgical approach. We report the key points of this revisited surgical correction for megaprepuce and the long-term results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Penile reconstruction was performed between March 2004 and March 2009 in 26 children 2 to 19 months old (median age 6) with congenital megaprepuce. Surgical repair consisted of limited preputial resection of the phimotic ring, wide dissection of the outer prepuce to the base of the penis, fixation of the proximal outer prepuce to Buck's fascia to create a new penoscrotal junction, and unfurling and wide tailoring of the inner prepuce in the ventral midline to resurface the whole elongated penile shaft. A bladder catheter was left in place for 5 or 6 days. Only patients with at least 6 months of followup were included in analysis. RESULTS: All patients underwent surgery on an outpatient basis. Operative time was between 50 and 85 minutes. Median followup was 17.6 months (range 6 to 59). Two patients had slight dehiscence of the ventral suture, which healed spontaneously without a scar. In 1 patient transient urethral meatal stenosis developed. The final cosmesis result was adequate in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to correct megaprepuce and achieve an adequate genital aspect with a simple approach of resurfacing the penis with the unfurled, tailored inner prepuce.

[Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in adolescents: a diagnosis to bear in mind]. / Carcinoma transicional de vejiga en adolescentes: un diagnóstico para tener en cuenta.

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder has a high incidence in adults, but it is uncommon in children and adolescents. Hematuria is the most common symptom of presentation and vesical ecography the preferred diagnostic method. The diagnosis and treatment is performed with cystoscopy and endoscopic resection. We describe two patients: an 18 years old male, who presented with a pediculated tumor on the posterior bladder wall and a 15 years old female with a 1 cm long tumor on the posterior wall too; both were removed under endoscopic control. In both patients superficial transitional cell carcinoma was the final diagnosis and are disease free 3 and 5 years later. A review of the available literature was performed to clarify if this type of tumors must be considered malignant and try to define how long and by which way these patients must be controlled.

Carcinoma transicional de vejiga en adolescentes: un diagnóstico para tener en cuenta / Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in adolescents: a diagnosis to bear in mind

El carcinoma transicional de vejiga es una entidad de alta incidencia en adultos pero infrecuente en niños y adolescentes. La hematuria es la forma más frecuente de presentación y la ecografía vesical es el método diagnóstico de elección. El diagnóstico y tratamiento se realiza mediante cistofibroscopia y resección endoscópica. Presentamos dos pacientes: un joven de 18 años que exhibía un tumor pediculado en cara posterior de vejiga y una joven de 15 años con una formación de 1cm delongitud, también pediculada y en cara posterior; ambas lesiones fueron resecadas bajo control endoscópico. En ambos casos el diagnóstico fue carcinoma transicional superficial yestán libres de enfermedad con 3 y 5 años de seguimiento. Se realizó una revisión de la bibliografía para clarificar si estas lesiones vesicales deben ser consideradas malignas e intentar definir cómo y cuánto tiempo deben seguirse estos pacientes.

Carcinoma transicional de vejiga en adolescentes: un diagnóstico para tener en cuenta / Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in adolescents: a diagnosis to bear in mind

El carcinoma transicional de vejiga es una entidad de alta incidencia en adultos pero infrecuente en niños y adolescentes. La hematuria es la forma más frecuente de presentación y la ecografía vesical es el método diagnóstico de elección. El diagnóstico y tratamiento se realiza mediante cistofibroscopia y resección endoscópica. Presentamos dos pacientes: un joven de 18 años que exhibía un tumor pediculado en cara posterior de vejiga y una joven de 15 años con una formación de 1cm delongitud, también pediculada y en cara posterior; ambas lesiones fueron resecadas bajo control endoscópico. En ambos casos el diagnóstico fue carcinoma transicional superficial yestán libres de enfermedad con 3 y 5 años de seguimiento. Se realizó una revisión de la bibliografía para clarificar si estas lesiones vesicales deben ser consideradas malignas e intentar definir cómo y cuánto tiempo deben seguirse estos pacientes.(AU)

Vantris, a biocompatible, synthetic, non-biodegradable, easy-to-inject bulking substance. Evaluation of local tissular reaction, localized migration and long-distance migration.

Biodegradable injectable bulking agents of animal origin present a fast rate of bio-reabsorption and may cause an allergic reaction. Biodegradable elements of synthetic origin have a high rate of reabsorption after a year. Non-biodegradable agents of synthetic origin lead to the formation of a fibrotic capsule, giving stability and long-term permanence. VANTRIS is categorized into this last group; it belongs to the family of Acrylics, particles of polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer immersed in a glycerol and physiological solution carrier. Molecular mass is very high. When injected in soft tissues, this material causes a bulkiness that remains stable through time. The carrier is a 40% glycerol solution with a pH of 6. Once injected, the carrier is eliminated by the reticular system through the kidneys, without metabolizing. Particles of this polyacrylate polyalcohol with glycerol are highly deformable by compression, and may be injected using a 23-gauge needle. The average of particles size is 320 mm. Once implanted, particles are covered by a fibrotic capsule of up to 70 microns. Particles of this new material are anionic with high superficial electronegativity, thus promoting a low cellular interaction and low fibrotic growth. The new polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer with glycerol was tested for biocompatibility according to ISO 10993-1:2003 in vitro, showing that they are not mutagenic for the Salmonella T. strains analyzed. The extract turned out to be non-cytotoxic for cell lines in culture and non-genotoxic for mice. In in vivo studies, acrylate did not cause sensitization in mice. The macroscopic reaction of tissue irritation was not significant in subcutaneous implants and in urethras of rabbits. Seven female dogs were injected transurethrally with VANTRIS to evaluate short and long-term migration (13 weeks and 12 months respectively). No particles or signs of inflammation or necrosis are observed in any of the organs examined 13 weeks and 12 months after implantation. To conclude, this new material meets the conditions of ideal tissue bulking material.

Vantris®, a biocompatible, synthetic, non-biodegradable, easy-to-onject bulking substance. Evaluation of local tissular reaction, localized migration and long-distance migration / Vantris® una sustancia inyectable biocompatible, sintética, no biodegradable y fácil de aplicar: Evaluación de la reacción tisular local, y de la migración local y a larga distancia

Biodegradable injectable bulking agents of animal origin present a fast rate of bio-reabsorption and may cause an allergic reaction. Biodegradable elements of synthetic origin have a high rate of reabsorption after a year. Non-biodegradable agents of synthetic origin lead to the formation of a fibrotic capsule, giving stability and long-term permanence. VANTRIS® is categorized into this last group; it belongs to the family of Acrylics, particles of polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer immersed in a glycerol and physiological solution carrier. Molecular mass is very high. When injected in soft tissues, this material causes a bulkiness that remains stable through time. The carrier is a 40% glycerol solution with a pH of 6. Once injected, the carrier is eliminated by the reticular system through the kidneys, without metabolizing. Particles of this polyacrylate polyalcohol with glycerol are highly deformable by compression, and may be injected using a 23-gauge needle. The average of particles size is 320 mm. Once implanted, particles are covered by a fibrotic capsule of up to 70 microns. Particles of this new material are anionic with high superficial electronegativity, thus promoting a low cellular interaction and low fibrotic growth. The new polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer with glycerol was tested for biocompatibility according to ISO 10993-1:2003 in vitro, showing that they are not mutagenic for the Salmonella T. strains analyzed. The extract turned out to be non-cytotoxic for cell lines in culture and non-genotoxic for mice. In in vivo studies, acrylate did not cause sensitization in mice. The macroscopic reaction of tissue irritation was not significant in subcutaneous implants and in urethras of rabbits. Seven female dogs were injected transurethrally with VANTRIS® to evaluate short and long-term migration (13 weeks and 12 months respectively). No particles or signs of inflammation or necrosis are observed in any of the organs examined 13 weeks and 12 months after implantation. To conclude, this new material meets the conditions of ideal tissue bulking material (AU)

Los agentes inyectables biodegradables de origen animal presentan una tasa rápida de bioreabsorción y pueden provocar reacciones alérgicas. Los elementos biodegradables de origen sintético tienen una alta tasa de reabsorción después de un año. Los agentes no-biodegradables de origen sintético dan lugar a la formación de una cápsula fibrótica, dando estabilidad y permanencia a largo plazo. VANTRIS® se clasifica en este último grupo; pertenece a la familia de los acrílicos, partículas de copolímero poliacrida polialcohol inmersas en una solución vehiculante de glicerol y fisiológico. Su masa molecular es muy alta. Cuando se inyecta en tejidos blandos, este material produce un abultamiento que permanece estable a lo largo del tiempo. El vehículo contiene un 40% de solución de glicerol con un pH de 6. Una vez inyectada, el vehículo es eliminado por el sistema reticular a través de los riñones, sin metabólizar. Las partículas de este poliacrilato polialcohol con glicerol son altamente deformables por compresión, y pueden inyectarse utilizando una aguja del 23 Gauge. El tamaño medio de las partículas es de 320 mm. Una vez implantadas, las partículas se recubren de una cápsula fibrótica de hasta 70 micrones. Las partículas de este nuevo material son aniónicas y tienen una gran electronegatividad en superficie, promoviendo así una baja interacción celular y un bajo crecimiento fibrótico. El nuevo copolímero de poliacrilato polialcohol con glicerol fue sometido a pruebas de biocompatibilidad in vitro de acuerdo con la normal ISO 10993-1:2003, mostrando que no es mutagénico para las cepas de salmonela T. analizadas. El extracto no fue citotóxico en cultivos de líneas celulares ni en ratones. En los estudios in vivo, el acrilato no produjo sensibilización en ratones. Los implantes subcutáneos y en uretra de conejos no produjeron reacción de irritación tisular macroscópica significativa. Para evaluar la migración a corto y largo plazo se inyectó Vantris® por vía transuretral en siete hembras de perro (13 semanas y 12 meses respectivamente). No se observaron partículas o signos de inflamación con necrosis en ninguno de los órganos examinados ni a las 13 semanas ni a las 12 meses del implante. En conclusión, este nuevo material cumple con las condiciones del material inyectable tisular ideal