The Global Genome Biodiversity Network (GGBN) Data Standard specification.

Genomic samples of non-model organisms are becoming increasingly important in a broad range of studies from developmental biology, biodiversity analyses, to conservation. Genomic sample definition, description, quality, voucher information and metadata all need to be digitized and disseminated across scientific communities. This information needs to be concise and consistent in today's ever-increasing bioinformatic era, for complementary data aggregators to easily map databases to one another. In order to facilitate exchange of information on genomic samples and their derived data, the Global Genome Biodiversity Network (GGBN) Data Standard is intended to provide a platform based on a documented agreement to promote the efficient sharing and usage of genomic sample material and associated specimen information in a consistent way. The new data standard presented here build upon existing standards commonly used within the community extending them with the capability to exchange data on tissue, environmental and DNA sample as well as sequences. The GGBN Data Standard will reveal and democratize the hidden contents of biodiversity biobanks, for the convenience of everyone in the wider biobanking community. Technical tools exist for data providers to easily map their databases to the standard.Database URL: http://terms.tdwg.org/wiki/GGBN_Data_Standard.

Neuropsychological differentiation of chronic schizophrenia.

Four groups of 20 each (chronic brain-damaged schizophrenics, chronic non-brain-damaged schizophrenics, chronic non-brain-damaged with "acute" exacerbation, and control subjects) were individually administered Form I of the Luria Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB). Control subjects scored significantly lower than all clinical groups on all scales except for the chronic non-brain-damaged schizophrenics on the Reading Scale. "Acute" schizophrenics scored higher on Motor, Visual, Receptive Speech, Intellectual Processes, Pathognomonic, Right Hemisphere and Profile Elevations scales than the other clinical groups. Chronic brain-damaged schizophrenics scored significantly higher than chronic non-brain-damaged schizophrenics on the Profile Elevation scale. To examine the possibility that LNNB performance of the schizophrenic groups may have been related to neuroleptic medication, analyses were completed on the relationship between medication levels and LNNB scores. These results suggested that while the three clinical groups differed in their chlorpromazine equivalents (CPZE), LNNB scores were not related to CPZE dosage.