Morbidity survey of the history of snakebites in different communities in the alto Juruá, western Brazilian Amazon.

The Alto Juruá region has a rich diversity of venomous snakes, and snakebites represent an important cause of morbidity. The present study was carried out in five communities in the Alto Juruá region, and aimed to evaluate the history of snakebites in terms of which snakes were involved and what was the victims' conduct in relation to first aid and prevention. Between 2017 and 2019, semi-structured interviews were applied to 260 residents, 56 (21.53%) of whom had a history of snakebites. The profile of the victims is 73.2% male, a resident of rural areas who develops activities mainly in agriculture and extractivism and who has a low level of education. Just over half of the snakebites occurred during the rainy season (52.8%) and the majority during the day (77%). Bothrops bites were the most frequently reported (90.3%) and B. atrox was the most mentioned snake (jararaca and surucucu) for being responsible for snakebites (80.8%). Approximately 87.5% of the bites occurred to the lower limbs, and 48.2% of the victims were barefoot at the time of the bite. Inadequate first-aid procedures were reported, such as using tourniquets and consuming the drink known as "Específico Pessoa", not drinking water, and treatment with traditional therapy (phytotherapics, zootherapeutics and faith healers), as well as not seeking hospital care. Thus, the need to facilitate access to hospital units in these communities and health education (prevention and first aid) are essential in order to minimize this situation.

Venomous snakes and people in a floodplain forest in the Western Brazilian Amazon: Potential risks for snakebites.

People who live in rural or forested areas are more likely to be affected by snakebites, due to their presence in the natural habitat of snakes and due to activities such as extractivism and agriculture. To conduct an ethnobiological study regarding the knowledge related to venomous snakes, snakebites and the attitudes of people who frequent areas of floodplain forests in the Alto Juruá (Brazilian Amazon), and correlate this information with data on snakebites in the region and the ecology of the ophiofauna, 100 residents, who are actively involved in extractivism, fishing, or hunting in the forests of the region were interviewed. Boards with photographs of venomous snakes from the region were used to ask questions about their experiences. The sampling of snakes was carried on trails in a forest used by residents of the region in their extractivism activities. Four venomous species (Bothrops atrox, B. bilineatus smaragdinus, Micrurus lemniscatus and M. surinamensis) were recorded. Among the interviewees, 31% claimed that they had already suffered at least one snakebite. The B. atrox snake is the species that the inhabitants encounter most and the one that is most associated with snakebites. Bothrops b. smaragdinus was the most common snake found during the search. Regarding accident prevention, 60% of them reported wearing boots when walking in the forest. In relation to practices adopted after a bite, the majority stated that they would seek medical attention; however, many reported using first aid measures that would not be medically effective for the victim's recovery. Despite B. b. smaragdinus being the most common snake found by researchers, it is responsible for very few snakebites. This is probably due to its arboreal habits, since it is found at a higher than average height (6.3 m) which is much higher than the height of a human being. The surveyed population demonstrated knowledge of the main preventive measures against snakebites, although some inadequate and/or ineffective first aid measures are still adopted.