Arabidopsis transcriptome dataset of the response of imbibed wild-type and glucosinolate-deficient seeds to nitrogen-containing compounds.

The presented RNAseq data were obtained from Arabidopsis seeds dry and 6h imbibed to describe, in wild-type and glucosinolate (GSL)-deficient genotypes, the response at the RNA level to nitrogen compounds, i.e., potassium nitrate (KNO3, 10mM), potassium thiocyanate (KSCN, 8µM). The cyp79B2 cyp79B3 (cyp79B2/B3) double mutant deficient in Indole GSL, the myb28 myb29 (myb28/29) double mutant deficient in aliphatic GSL, the quadruple mutant cyp79B2 cyp79B3 myb28 myb29 (qko) deficient in total GSL in the seed and the WT reference genotype in Col-0 background were used for the transcriptomic analysis. Total ARN was extracted using NucleoSpin® RNA Plant and Fungi kit. Library construction and sequencing were performed with DNBseq™ technology at Beijing Genomics Institute. FastQC was used to check reads quality and mapping analysis were made using a quasi-mapping alignment from Salmon. Gene expression changes in mutant seeds compared to WT were calculated using DESeq2 algorithms. This comparison with the qko, cyp79B2/B3 and myb28/29 mutants made it possible to identify 30220, 36885 and 23807 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. Mapping rate result was merge into a single report using MultiQC; graphic results were illustrated through Veen diagrams and volcano plots. Fastq raw data and count files from 45 samples are available in the repository Sequence Read Archive (SRA) of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and can be consulted with the data identification number GSE221567 at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE221567.

Dual-transcriptomic datasets evaluating the effect of the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola on Arabidopsis germinating seeds.

Many fungal pathogens are carried and transmitted by seeds. These pathogens affect germination and seed quality. Their transmission from the germinating seed to seedling causes many diseases in crops. Seed defense mechanisms during germination are poorly documented. RNA-seq experiments were used to describe the molecular mechanisms involved in seed interaction with a necrotrophic fungus. Here the Arabidopsis thaliana/Alternaria brassicicola pathosystem was used to perform dual-transcriptomic approach. Arabidopsis thaliana seeds and necrotrophic fungus transcripts were identified at critical germination and seedling establishment stages. Total RNA was extracted from healthy and infected germinating seeds and seedlings at 3, 6 and 10 days after sowing. Transcript libraries were made and sequenced, then fungal and plant short reads were mapped and quantified respectively against Arabidopsis thaliana and Alternaria brassicicola reference transcriptomes. This dual-transcriptomic approach revealed that 3409, 7506 and 8589 Arabidopsis thaliana genes showed a differential expression at respectevely 3, 6 and 10 days after sowing between healthy and infected seeds, including 1192 genes differentially expressed at the three studied stages. Moreover, in this experiement, we also identified the dynamic of the transcript changes occurring at the same stages in the necrotrophic fungus concomitantly during germination and seedling establishment.

Seed Transmission of Pathogens: Non-Canonical Immune Response in Arabidopsis Germinating Seeds Compared to Early Seedlings against the Necrotrophic Fungus Alternaria brassicicola.

The transmission of seed-borne pathogens by the germinating seed is responsible for major crop diseases. The immune responses of the seed facing biotic invaders are poorly documented so far. The Arabidopsis thaliana/Alternaria brassicicola patho-system was used to describe at the transcription level the responses of germinating seeds and young seedling stages to infection by the necrotrophic fungus. RNA-seq analyses of healthy versus inoculated seeds at 3 days after sowing (DAS), stage of radicle emergence, and at 6 and 10 DAS, two stages of seedling establishment, identified thousands of differentially expressed genes by Alternaria infection. Response to hypoxia, ethylene and indole pathways were found to be induced by Alternaria in the germinating seeds. However, surprisingly, the defense responses, namely the salicylic acid (SA) pathway, the response to reactive oxygen species (ROS), the endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) and programmed cell death, were found to be strongly induced only during the latter post-germination stages. We propose that this non-canonical immune response in early germinating seeds compared to early seedling establishment was potentially due to the seed-to-seedling transition phase. Phenotypic analyses of about 14 mutants altered in the main defense pathways illustrated these specific defense responses. The unexpected germination deficiency and insensitivity to Alternaria in the glucosinolate deficient mutants allow hypothesis of a trade-off between seed germination, necrosis induction and Alternaria transmission to the seedling. The imbalance of the SA and jasmonic acid (JA) pathways to the detriment of the JA also illustrated a non-canonical immune response at the first stages of the seedling.

Actividad antifúngica in vitro del aceite esencial de Swinglea glutinosa Merr sobre Colletotrichum sp. patógeno de mango (Mangifera indica L.) / In vitro antifungal activity of the essential oil of Swinglea glutinosa Merr against mango (Mangifera indica L.) pathogen Colletotrichum sp

RESUMEN Se evaluó la actividad antifúngica del aceite esencial de limón de cerca (Swinglea glutinosa) sobre el hongo Colletotrichum sp. aislado de frutos de mango (Mangifera indica L). El aceite esencial, se obtuvo por hidrodestilación de hojas y corteza del fruto, y mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas se determinó la fitoquímica. Se identificaron presuntivamente 41 metabolitos secundarios, siendo los compuestos mayoritarios (β-pineno (31.3 %), α-pineno (15.1%) y germacreno D (14.4 %). El aceite esencial inhibió el crecimiento del hongo en un 31.16 %, 52.77 % y 82.41 % en ensayo de dilución en agar, a las concentraciones de 0.3, 1 y 2 % respectivamente, con diferencias entre todos los tratamientos evaluados (p=0.000). En ensayo de dilución en caldo se registró inhibición de la germinación de esporas de 0, 1 9.47, 41.03 y 100 % (p=0.000) a concentraciones de 0, 2, 4 y 8 μL/mL. Adicionalmente, en ensayo de microatmósfera se presentó una inhibición de máxima de 22,97 % del crecimiento micelial con adición de 20 μL de aceite esencial por caja de Petri (p=0.000). Este trabajo encontró que el aceite esencial de S. glutinosa ejerce inhibición dosis-dependiente sobre el crecimiento micelial y la germinación de esporas de Colletotrichum sp.

ABSTRACT The antifungal activity of the essential oil of Swinglea glutinosa on the fungus Colletotrichum sp. isolated from mango (Mangifera indica L) fruit was evaluated. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation of leaves and fruit rind, and phytochemistry was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Forty-one secondary metabolites were presumptively identified, the major compounds being (β-pinene (31.3 %), α-pinene (15.1 %) and germacrene D (14.4 %). The essential oil inhibited fungal growth by 31.16 %, 52.77 % and 82.41 % in agar dilution assay, at concentrations of 0.3, 1 and 2 % respectively, with differences among all treatments evaluated (p=0.000). In the broth dilution test, spore germination inhibition of 0, 19.47, 41.03 and 100 % (p=0.000) was recorded at concentrations of 0, 2, 4 and 8 μL/mL. Additionally, in microatmosphere assay, a maximum inhibition of 22.97 % of mycelial growth was presented with the addition of 20 μL of essential oil per Petri dish. This work found that the essential oil of S. glutinosa exerts dose-dependent inhibition on mycelial growth and spore germination of Colletotrichum sp.

Thymol, menthol and eucalyptol as agents for microbiological control in the oral cavity: A scoping review / Timol, mentol y eucaliptol como agentes para el control microbiológico en cavidad bucal: una revisión exploratoria

SUMMARY Dental plaque is a complex environment that maintains a balance with certain microbial communities; however, this microhabitat can be disturbed by some endogenous species causing disease. An exploratory systematic review was carried out using the PubMed, Scopus, Lilacs, and Science Direct databases, identifying that the thymol, menthol, and eucalyptol compounds present varying antimicrobial activity, intra- and interspecies discordance, and a strong antimicrobial intensity on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Streptococcus mutans, indicating that these phytochemicals can be considered broad-spectrum antimicrobial substances, with an effect on microorganisms linked to oral diseases.

RESUMEN La placa dental es un ambiente complejo que mantiene un equilibrio con determinadas comunidades microbianas; sin embargo, este micro hábitat puede ser perturbado por algunas especies endógenas causando enfermedad. Se realizó una revisión sistemática exploratoria empleando las bases de datos Pubmed, Scopus, Lilacs y Science Direct y se identificó que los compuestos timol, mentol y eucaliptol presentan actividad antimicrobiana variable, discordancias intra e inter-especie y una intensidad antimicrobiana fuerte sobre Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillusplantarum and Streptococcus mutans; indicando que estos fitoquímicos pueden ser consideradas como sustancias antimicrobianas de amplio espectro, con efecto sobre microorganismos relacionados con enfermedades bucales.

Essential oils biological activity of the shrub Lippia alba (Verbenaceae)

Introduction: Lippia alba is an aromatic species belonging to the Verbenaceae family. Its essential oils have been used in different industries, because of its biological properties. Objective: Identify the perspectives of the biotechnological applications of Lippia alba essential oils. Methodology: A scoping review was conducted on the biological activity of Lippia alba essential oils registered until October, 2018 in EBSCO, Embase, Pubmed, Scopus, SciELO, and Lilacs databases. Results: Chemotypes I and III have been reported for different biological activities from the evaluations performed on microorganisms, fish, arthropods, small mammals, and cell lines; fundamentally associated with antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, antioxidant, and sedative effects, among others. Records focused mainly on the health, fishing industry, and agrifood sectors. Conclusion: Studies on the effect of essential oil are promising, but do not reflect a continuity of the research toward prototypes or finished commercial products. Research groups must unify evaluation methodologies and include in all studies the relationship between phytochemical and biological activity for the meta-analyses to be possible. Likewise, they must join efforts through the National System for Agricultural Innovation (SNIA, for the term in Spanish) to generate finished products that impact upon society and facilitate progress in the country's bio-economy.

Introducción: Lippia alba es una especie aromática perteneciente a la familia Verbenaceae, cuyos aceites esenciales han sido empleados en diferentes industrias dada sus propiedades biológicas. Objetivo: Identificar las perspectivas de aplicación biotecnológica de los aceites esenciales de Lippia alba. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática exploratoria de la literatura sobre la actividad biológica de aceites esenciales de Lippia alba registrada hasta octubre 2018 en las bases de datos EBSCO, Embase, Pubmed, Scopus, SciELO, y Lilacs. Resultados: Los quimiotipos I y III han sido reportados para diferentes actividades biológicas a partir de evaluaciones realizadas en microorganismos, peces, artrópodos, pequeños mamíferos, y líneas celulares; fundamentalmente asociadas con efectos antibacterial, antifúngico, citotóxico, antioxidante y sedante, entre otros. Los registros se enfocaron principalmente a los sectores salud, industria pesquera y agroalimentaria. Conclusión: Los estudios sobre el efecto del aceite esencial son promisorios, pero no reflejan una continuidad de la investigación hacia prototipos o productos comerciales acabados. Los grupos de investigación deben unificar metodologías de evaluación e incluir en todos los estudios la relación entre fitoquímica-actividad biológica, para que los metaanálisis sean posibles. De igual manera, deben aunar esfuerzos por medio del Sistema Nacional de Innovación Agropecuaria (SNIA), para generar productos acabados que impacten en la sociedad y faciliten el avance de la bioeconomía del país.

Antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) on Streptococcus mutans biofilm and its cytotoxic effects

Resumen La caries dental, es una patología de origen multifactorial y actualmente los productos naturales son un tratamiento alternativo eficiente. El trabajo buscó evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de tres sustancias (Cymbopogon citratus y los componentes citral y mirceno) contra Streptococcus mutans ATCC UA159, así como su citotoxicidad sobre queratinocitos y fibroblastos humanos. A través de Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido, se observó la morfología típica de S. mutans, y una formación característica de polisacáridos, con una disposición más estructurada a las 48 h. El efecto de viabilidad bacteriana contra S. mutans en biofilms se evaluó a través de la exposición a las tres sustancias mediante el uso de la técnica de alto rendimiento MBEC, a concentraciones de 1, 0.1 y 0.01 μg/ml y clorhexidina como control positivo. La citotoxicidad de los compuestos se evaluó sobre queratinocitos y fibroblastos, mediante la técnica de reducción de MTT, utilizando 0.5 mM de H2O2 como control de muerte celular (control negativo) y etanol 1 % como control del vehículo (control positivo). Las tres sustancias evaluadas, tuvieron efectos sobre la viabilidad bacteriana de S. mutans con una mortalidad entre 74 y 96 %, sin diferencia significativa entre ellos (P > 0.393); adicionalmente, no fue evidente la citotoxicidad sobre queratinocitos y fibroblastos en un tratamiento de 24 h. Las sustancias evaluadas mostraron efectos antimicrobianos significativos; por lo tanto, estos deben estudiarse más a fondo como posibles coadyuvantes para prevenir la caries dental que causa efectos adversos menores.(AU)

Abstract Dental caries is a pathology of multifactorial origin and currently natural products are an efficient alternative treatment. The work sought to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the three substances (Cymbopogon citratus essential oil and the citral and myrcene components) against Streptococcus mutans ATCC UA159, as well as their cytotoxicity on keratinocytes and human fibroblasts. Through Scanning electron microscopy, the typical morphology of S. mutans was observed and, a characteristic formation of polysaccharides, with more structured arrangement at 48 h. The bacterial viability effect against S. mutans on biofilms was evaluated through exposure to the three substances by using the MBEC technique-high-throughput at concentrations of 1, 0.1, and 0.01 µg/mL and chlorhexidine as positive control. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was evaluated on keratinocytes and fibroblasts through the MTT reduction technique, using 0.5 mM H2O2 as cell-death control (negative control) and ethanol 1 % as vehicle control (positive control). The three substances evaluated had effects on the bacterial viability of S. mutans with mortality between 74 and 96 %, without significant difference among them (P > 0.393); additionally, no cytotoxicity was evident on keratinocytes and fibroblasts in a 24 h treatment. The substances evaluated showed significant antimicrobial effects; hence, these should be studied further as potential co-adjuvants to prevent dental caries that cause minor adverse effects.(AU)

Efectividad de Beauveria bassiana (Baubassil®) sobre la garrapata común del ganado bovino Rhipicephalus microplus en el Departamento de la Guajira, Colombia / Effectiveness of Beauveria bassiana (Baubassil®) on the common cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus in the Department of Guajira, Colombia

Se evaluó la efectividad de Baubassil® (Beauveria bassiana) sobre la garrapata Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. En la fase in vitro, se determinaron la temperatura óptima de germinación del hongo mediante microcultivos a 25, 30 y 35° C, y la mortalidad de las garrapatas. En campo, en un diseño aleatorio, se utilizaron 30 vacas cebuinas; 15 vacas se trataron con Baubassil® una vez por semana con 1 x 10(6) conidias/ml y un grupo control se dejó sin tratamiento. Se observó que a temperaturas de 25, 30 y 35 °C, la germinación del entomopató-geno fue del 97,5, el 94,7 y el 6,3%, respectivamente. En los animales tratados con Baubassil® se obtuvo una efectividad corregida del 96,8%. En el Caribe Seco, Baubassil® constituiría una alternativa de control del ectoparásito, pues no existen registros anteriores en La Guajira del control sostenible de esta garrapata.

The effectiveness of Baubassil® (Beauveria bassiana) on the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was evaluated. In the in vitro phase, the optimal germination temperature of the fungus was determined by microcultures at 25, 30 and 35 °C and the mortality of ticks. In the field, in a randomized design, 30 cebuine cows; 15 cows were treated with Baubassil® once a week at a 1 x 10(6) conidia/ml, and a control group was left untreated. It was observed that at temperatures of 25, 30 and 35 °C, germination of the entomopathogen was 97.5, 94.7 and 6.3%, respectively. In animals treated with Baubassil® obtained a corrected effectiveness of 96.8% on ticks in the fifth week of application. The use of Baubassil® would be a valid alternative for controlling the cattle tick under the agroecological conditions of the Dry Caribbean.

[Effectiveness of Beauveria bassiana (Baubassil®) on the common cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus in the Department of Guajira, Colombia]. / Efectividad de Beauveria bassiana (Baubassil®) sobre la garrapata común del ganado bovino Rhipicephalus microplus en el Departamento de la Guajira, Colombia.

The effectiveness of Baubassil®(Beauveria bassiana) on the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was evaluated. In the in vitro phase, the optimal germination temperature of the fungus was determined by microcultures at 25, 30 and 35°C and the mortality of ticks. In the field, in a randomized design, 30 cebuine cows; 15 cows were treated with Baubassil® once a week at a 1×106 conidia/ml, and a control group was left untreated. It was observed that at temperatures of 25, 30 and 35°C, germination of the entomopathogen was 97.5, 94.7 and 6.3%, respectively. In animals treated with Baubassil® obtained a corrected effectiveness of 96.8% on ticks in the fifth week of application. The use of Baubassil® would be a valid alternative for controlling the cattle tick under the agroecological conditions of the Dry Caribbean.

Vigilancia tecnológica de plantas aromáticas: de la investigación a la consolidación de la agrocadena colombiana / Technological monitoring of aromatic plants: from research to the consolidation of the Colombian agro-chain

El sector de plantas aromáticas, medicinales y condimentarias reúne una amplia variedad de especies nativas e introducidas con potencial agroindustrial. Para contribuir al diagnóstico tecnológico del sector en Colombia y brindar elementos de planificación estratégica hacia mejores niveles de desarrollo e internacionalización, se priorizaron ciertas especies aromáticas en este artículo y se planteó una vigilancia tecnología del 2004 al 2014. Se hizo una búsqueda de artículos científicos y patentes en ocho bases de datos en el ámbito nacional, iberoamericano y mundial según temáticas priorizadas. Los datos se procesaron mediante Microsoft Excel, EndNote, Vantage Point (2014) y Thomson Data Analyzer. A nivel nacional, la temática más registrada fue el material de siembra y el mejoramiento genético, mientras que en Iberoamérica y el mundo, fue el efecto biocida. Los países líderes en investigaciones sobre las aromáticas vigiladas fueron Brasil, Colombia y Cuba. A nivel internacional, los líderes en producción científica en PubMed y Scopus fueron India, EE. UU., Brasil y Colombia. La tendencia mundial de patentes es creciente, y su principal enfoque es "Necesidades corrientes de la vida". En conclusión, la vigilancia tecnológica ofreció una visión global de avances y tendencias en investigación y desarrollo tecnológico en áreas temáticas vinculadas con las plantas aromáticas. Además, se identificaron posibles aliados investigativos y fluctuación de la producción científica a través del tiempo.