Atherogenic index of plasma as a marker of cardiovascular risk factors in Mexicans aged 18 to 22 years.

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the use and application of the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) in the prediction of cardiovascular risk factors including mixed hyperlipidemia, hypertension, hyperuricemia, and metabolic syndrome in a population of young Mexican adults. Values were obtained for metabolic parameters, such as glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol (total, high-density, low-density, and very low density), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and uric acid. Through univariate and multivariate analysis, parametric comparisons were applied and receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the risk of hyperuricemia, hypertension, mixed hyperlipidemia, and metabolic syndrome from a high AIP. Metabolic parameters and AIP had a significant correlation, with higher rates observed with increased AIP. As a set, metabolic parameters increased with an AIP >0.21 (λ Wilks = 0.58, F(14,344) = 7.7, P < 0.0001). The area under the curve was statistically significant for prediction of hyperuricemia (0.6), mixed hyperlipidemia (0.9), hypertension (0.8), and metabolic syndrome (0.95). In conclusion, in a sample of young Mexican adults, AIP was strongly associated with cardiovascular risk factors and could serve as a useful marker for the prediction of metabolic alterations related to cardiovascular disease.

Relación de la hiperuricemia con las alteraciones metabólicas y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en jóvenes mexicanos.

INTRODUCTION: Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but its impact has not been properly documented. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of hyperuricemia on metabolic parameters and cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) in apparently healthy Mexicans. METHOD: Cross-sectional study of 768 young adults. Association of hyperuricemia with alterations in metabolic parameters and CRF (hypertension, mixed dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome) was sought. Log-linear and regression models were used to determine the influence of hyperuricemia. A multivariate analysis of variance was applied to observe the interaction of hyperuricemia and overweight or obesity with changes in metabolic parameters. RESULTS: Metabolic parameters were higher in patients with hyperuricemia than with normal uric acid (all < 0.05). Hyperuricemia was significantly associated with hypertension (OR=6.8, 95 % CI: 1.1-46), dyslipidemia (OR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.3-4.7) and metabolic syndrome (OR=2.3, 95% CI: 1.1-4.6). Hyperuricemia and overweight or obesity significantly predict changes in cardiovascular risk metabolic parameters (Wilks' l=0.91, F (6.175)=3.1, p=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Hyperuricemia is significantly associated with metabolic alterations and different CRF.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La hiperuricemia es un factor de riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular, pero su impacto no ha sido bien documentado. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el impacto de la hiperuricemia en los parámetros metabólicos y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en mexicanos aparentemente sanos. MÉTODO: Estudio trasversal de 768 adultos jóvenes. Se buscó asociación de la hiperuricemia con alteraciones de los parámetros metabólicos y factores de riesgo cardiovascular (hipertensión, dislipidemia mixta y síndrome metabólico). Se aplicaron modelos loglineales y de regresión para determinar la influencia de la hiperuricemia. Se aplicó análisis multivariado de varianza para observar la interacción de la hiperuricemia y el sobrepeso u obesidad en los cambios de los parámetros metabólicos. RESULTADOS: Los parámetros metabólicos fueron mayores en los individuos con hiperuricemia que con ácido úrico normal (< 0.05). La hiperuricemia se asoció significativamente con hipertensión (RM = 6.8, IC 95 % = 1.1-46), dislipidemia (RM = 2.5, IC 95 % = 1.3-4.7) y síndrome metabólico (RM = 2.3, IC 95 % = 1.1-4.6). La hiperuricemia y el sobrepeso u obesidad predicen significativamente los cambios en los parámetros metabólicos de riesgo cardiovascular (l de Wilks = 0.91, F [6.175] = 3.1, p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONES: La hiperuricemia está asociada significativamente con las alteraciones metabólicas y los distintos factores de riesgo cardiovascular.

Relación de la hiperuricemia con las alteraciones metabólicas y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en jóvenes mexicanos / Relationship of hyperuricemia with metabolic alterations and cardiovascular risk factors in young Mexicans

Resumen Introducción: La hiperuricemia es un factor de riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular, pero su impacto no ha sido bien documentado. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la hiperuricemia en los parámetros metabólicos y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en mexicanos aparentemente sanos. Método: Estudio trasversal de 768 adultos jóvenes. Se buscó asociación de la hiperuricemia con alteraciones de los parámetros metabólicos y factores de riesgo cardiovascular (hipertensión, dislipidemia mixta y síndrome metabólico). Se aplicaron modelos loglineales y de regresión para determinar la influencia de la hiperuricemia. Se aplicó análisis multivariado de varianza para observar la interacción de la hiperuricemia y el sobrepeso u obesidad en los cambios de los parámetros metabólicos. Resultados: Los parámetros metabólicos fueron mayores en los individuos con hiperuricemia que con ácido úrico normal (< 0.05). La hiperuricemia se asoció significativamente con hipertensión (RM = 6.8, IC 95 % = 1.1-46), dislipidemia (RM = 2.5, IC 95 % = 1.3-4.7) y síndrome metabólico (RM = 2.3, IC 95 % = 1.1-4.6). La hiperuricemia y el sobrepeso u obesidad predicen significativamente los cambios en los parámetros metabólicos de riesgo cardiovascular (l de Wilks = 0.91, F [6.175] = 3.1, p = 0.007). Conclusiones: La hiperuricemia está asociada significativamente con las alteraciones metabólicas y los distintos factores de riesgo cardiovascular.

Abstract Introduction: Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but its impact has not been properly documented. Objective: To assess the impact of hyperuricemia on metabolic parameters and cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) in apparently healthy Mexicans. Method: Cross-sectional study of 768 young adults. Association of hyperuricemia with alterations in metabolic parameters and CRF (hypertension, mixed dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome) was sought. Log-linear and regression models were used to determine the influence of hyperuricemia. A multivariate analysis of variance was applied to observe the interaction of hyperuricemia and overweight or obesity with changes in metabolic parameters. Results: Metabolic parameters were higher in patients with hyperuricemia than with normal uric acid (all < 0.05). Hyperuricemia was significantly associated with hypertension (OR=6.8, 95 % CI: 1.1-46), dyslipidemia (OR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.3-4.7) and metabolic syndrome (OR=2.3, 95% CI: 1.1-4.6). Hyperuricemia and overweight or obesity significantly predict changes in cardiovascular risk metabolic parameters (Wilks’ l=0.91, F (6.175)=3.1, p=0.007). Conclusions: Hyperuricemia is significantly associated with metabolic alterations and different CRF.

Índice cintura-talla: prueba para valoración de riesgo cardiovascular y diagnóstico del síndrome metabólico / Waist-Length Index: Test for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment and Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome

Introducción: la presencia de síndrome metabólico y enfermedad cardiovascular está vinculada fisiopatológicamente con el sobrepeso y obesidad. Objetivo: evaluar la utilidad y precisión del Índice cintura-talla en la valoración de riesgo y diagnóstico del síndrome metabólico y otras alteraciones cardiometabólicas. Métodos: se evaluaron a adultos jóvenes aparentemente sanos para su implementación como una prueba diagnóstica o tamiz diagnóstico de rutina en los niveles primarios de atención en salud. Se realizó un estudio transversal con una muestra de 369 adultos jóvenes con edad de 18-22 años del primer año de la licenciatura de medicina en la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. Se determinaron parámetros bioquímicos y antropométricos para la presencia de síndrome metabólico y otras alteraciones cardiovasculares, se calculó el Índice cintura-talla y se generaron cuartiles para proponer un punto de corte con el cual se pueda valorar el riesgo y la utilidad diagnóstica. Resultados: el Índice cintura-talla mostró ser una prueba diagnóstica bastante sensible (91 por ciento, 70 por ciento y 52 por ciento) y específica (78 por ciento, 78 por ciento, 76 por ciento) en la detección de síndrome metabólico, alteraciones cardiovasculares y aterogénicas respectivamente. Los valores predictivos muestran la probabilidad del 81 por ciento de tener síndrome metabólico si el individuo cuenta con un Índice cintura-talla elevado y una probabilidad 90 por ciento de no tener síndrome metabólico si el Índice cintura-talla es normal. Conclusiones: la precisión diagnóstica del Índice cintura-talla es muy elevada, por lo que puede usarse como un tamiz diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico o de alteraciones metabólicas en adultos jóvenes aparentemente sanos(AU)

Introduction: The presence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and cadiovascular disease (CVD) is physiopathologically linked to overweight and obesity. Objective: Evaluate the usefulness and accuracy of the waist-length index (CTI) in the assessment of risk and diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome and other cardiometabolic disorders. Methods: Apparently healthy young adults were evaluated for their implementation as a diagnostic test or screening routine at the primary levels of health care. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 369 young adults aged 18-22 years of the first year of the medical degree at the Benemérita Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP). Biochemical and anthropometric parameters were determined for the presence of metabolic syndrome and other cardiovascular alterations, the waist-height index was calculated and quartiles were generated to propose a cut-off point with which the risk and diagnostic utility could be assessed. Results: The waist-height index showed to be a very sensitive (91 percent, 70 percent and 52 percent) and specific (78 percent, 76 percent) diagnostic test in the detection of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular and atherogenic alterations, respectively. The predictive values showed 81 percent probability of having metabolic syndrome if the subject has a high waist-height index and 90 percent chance of not having metabolic syndrome if the waist-height index is normal. Conclusions: The diagnostic accuracy of the waist-length index is very high, so it can be used as a diagnostic screen for metabolic syndrome or metabolic alterations in apparently healthy young adults(AU)

Índice cintura-talla: prueba para valoración de riesgo cardiovascular y diagnóstico del síndrome metabólico / Waist-Length Index: Test for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment and Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome

Introducción: la presencia de síndrome metabólico y enfermedad cardiovascular está vinculada fisiopatológicamente con el sobrepeso y obesidad. Objetivo: evaluar la utilidad y precisión del Índice cintura-talla en la valoración de riesgo y diagnóstico del síndrome metabólico y otras alteraciones cardiometabólicas. Métodos: se evaluaron a adultos jóvenes aparentemente sanos para su implementación como una prueba diagnóstica o tamiz diagnóstico de rutina en los niveles primarios de atención en salud. Se realizó un estudio transversal con una muestra de 369 adultos jóvenes con edad de 18-22 años del primer año de la licenciatura de medicina en la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. Se determinaron parámetros bioquímicos y antropométricos para la presencia de síndrome metabólico y otras alteraciones cardiovasculares, se calculó el Índice cintura-talla y se generaron cuartiles para proponer un punto de corte con el cual se pueda valorar el riesgo y la utilidad diagnóstica. Resultados: el Índice cintura-talla mostró ser una prueba diagnóstica bastante sensible (91 por ciento, 70 por ciento y 52 por ciento) y específica (78 por ciento, 78 por ciento, 76 por ciento) en la detección de síndrome metabólico, alteraciones cardiovasculares y aterogénicas respectivamente. Los valores predictivos muestran la probabilidad del 81 por ciento de tener síndrome metabólico si el individuo cuenta con un Índice cintura-talla elevado y una probabilidad 90 por ciento de no tener síndrome metabólico si el Índice cintura-talla es normal. Conclusiones: la precisión diagnóstica del Índice cintura-talla es muy elevada, por lo que puede usarse como un tamiz diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico o de alteraciones metabólicas en adultos jóvenes aparentemente sanos(AU)

Introduction: The presence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and cadiovascular disease (CVD) is physiopathologically linked to overweight and obesity. Objective: Evaluate the usefulness and accuracy of the waist-length index (CTI) in the assessment of risk and diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome and other cardiometabolic disorders. Methods: Apparently healthy young adults were evaluated for their implementation as a diagnostic test or screening routine at the primary levels of health care. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 369 young adults aged 18-22 years of the first year of the medical degree at the Benemérita Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP). Biochemical and anthropometric parameters were determined for the presence of metabolic syndrome and other cardiovascular alterations, the waist-height index was calculated and quartiles were generated to propose a cut-off point with which the risk and diagnostic utility could be assessed. Results: The waist-height index showed to be a very sensitive (91 percent, 70 percent and 52 percent) and specific (78 percent, 76 percent) diagnostic test in the detection of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular and atherogenic alterations, respectively. The predictive values showed 81 percent probability of having metabolic syndrome if the subject has a high waist-height index and 90 percent chance of not having metabolic syndrome if the waist-height index is normal. Conclusions: The diagnostic accuracy of the waist-length index is very high, so it can be used as a diagnostic screen for metabolic syndrome or metabolic alterations in apparently healthy young adults(AU)

Production of metallothionein polyclonal antibodies using chickens as model.

The production of polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) against metallothioneins (MT) has been done in mammals. In this work, we describe a model where pAbs against rat liver MT were produced in chickens. Liver MT-1 and MT-2 isoforms isolated from rats were used as immunogens. MT was purified by exclusion chromatography and MT isoforms isolated by ionic exchange chromatography. Chickens were immunized with each isoform emulsified with Freund adjuvant over 6 weeks. MT-pAbs obtained from egg yolk were purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by thiophilic interaction chromatography. MT-pAbs were characterized by ELISA, SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, and Western blot assays. Results showed significant titers (1:1,000) of MT-1 and MT-2 IgY in the eggs collected 30 days after the first immunization as determined by a direct ELISA assay; results also show a cross-reaction between MT-1 and MT-2 isoforms: however, the Abs obtained did not react with other non-MT proteins in hepatic homogenates. Sensitivity assays showed that MT-pAbs detected MT-1 and MT-2 at nanogram levels. These data suggest that chickens are an alternative model for producing pAbs against mammal high-homology proteins such as MT.