Healthcare-associated infections by multidrug-resistant bacteria in Andalusia, Spain, 2014 to 2021.

BackgroundMultidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are among chief causes of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). In Spain, studies addressing multidrug resistance based on epidemiological surveillance systems are lacking.AimIn this observational study, cases of HAIs by MDR bacteria notified to the epidemiological surveillance system of Andalusia, Spain, between 2014-2021, were investigated. Notified cases and their spatiotemporal distribution were described, with a focus on social determinants of health (SDoH).MethodsNew cases during the study period of HAIs caused by extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-/carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales, MDR Acinectobacter baumannii, MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa or meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus were considered. Among others, notification variables included sex and age, while socio-economic variables comprised several SDoH. Cases' spatial distribution across municipalities was assessed. The smooth standardised incidence ratio (sSIR) was obtained using a Bayesian spatial model. Association between municipalities' sSIR level and SDoH was evaluated by bivariate analysis.ResultsIn total, 6,389 cases with a median age of 68 years were notified; 61.4% were men (n = 3,921). The most frequent MDR bacteria were ESBL-producing Enterobacterales (2,812/6,389; 44.0%); the main agent was Klebsiella spp. (2,956/6,389; 46.3%). Between 2014 and 2021 case numbers appeared to increase. Overall, up to 15-fold differences in sSIR between municipalities were observed. In bivariate analysis, there appeared to be an association between municipalities' sSIR level and deprivation (p = 0.003).ConclusionThis study indicates that social factors should be considered when investigating HAIs by MDR bacteria. The case incidence heterogeneity between Andalusian municipalities might be explained by SDoH, but also possibly by under-notification. Automatising reporting may address the latter.

Long COVID 12 months after discharge: persistent symptoms in patients hospitalised due to COVID-19 and patients hospitalised due to other causes-a multicentre cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Long-term-specific sequelae or persistent symptoms (SPS) after hospitalisation due to COVID-19 are not known. The aim of this study was to explore the presence of SPS 12 months after discharge in survivors hospitalised due to COVID-19 and compare it with survivors hospitalised due to other causes. METHODS: Prospective cohort study, the Andalusian Cohort of Hospitalised patients for COVID-19 (ANCOHVID study), conducted in 4 hospitals and 29 primary care centres in Andalusia, Spain. The sample was composed of 906 adult patients; 453 patients hospitalised due to COVID-19 (exposed) and 453 hospitalised due to other causes (non-exposed) from March 1 to April 15, 2020, and discharged alive. The main outcomes were (1) the prevalence of SPS at 12 months after discharge and (2) the incidence of SPS after discharge. Outcome data at 12 months were compared between the exposed and non-exposed cohorts. Risk ratios were calculated, and bivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: A total of 163 (36.1%) and 160 (35.3%) patients of the exposed and non-exposed cohorts, respectively, showed at least one SPS at 12 months after discharge. The SPS with higher prevalence in the subgroup of patients hospitalised due to COVID-19 12 months after discharge were persistent pharyngeal symptoms (p<0.001), neurological SPS (p=0.049), confusion or memory loss (p=0.043), thrombotic events (p=0.025) and anxiety (p=0.046). The incidence of SPS was higher for the exposed cohort regarding pharyngeal symptoms (risk ratio, 8.00; 95% CI, 1.85 to 36.12), confusion or memory loss (risk ratio, 3.50; 95% CI, 1.16 to 10.55) and anxiety symptoms (risk ratio, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.28 to 4.34). CONCLUSIONS: There was a similar frequency of long-term SPS after discharge at 12 months, regardless of the cause of admission (COVID-19 or other causes). Nevertheless, some symptoms that were found to be more associated with COVID-19, such as memory loss or anxiety, merit further investigation. These results should guide future follow-up of COVID-19 patients after hospital discharge.

Sex Differences and Predictors of In-Hospital Mortality among Patients with COVID-19: Results from the ANCOHVID Multicentre Study.

Spain is one of the countries most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Although risk factors for severe disease are published, sex differences have been widely neglected. In this multicentre study, we aimed to identify predictors of in-hospital mortality in men and women hospitalised with COVID-19. An observational longitudinal study was conducted in the cohort of patients admitted to four hospitals in Andalusia, Spain, from 1 March 2020 to 15 April 2020. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected from hospital records. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate 30-day survival and multiple Cox regression models were applied. All analyses were stratified by sex. A total of 968 patients were included (54.8% men, median age 67.0 years). In-hospital mortality reached 19.1% in men and 16.0% in women. Factors independently associated with an increased hazard of death were advanced age, higher CURB-65 score and not receiving azithromycin treatment, in both sexes; active cancer and autoimmune disease, in men; cardiovascular disease and chronic lung disease, in women. Disease outcomes and predictors of death differed between sexes. In-hospital mortality was higher in men, but the long-term effects of COVID-19 merit further research. The sex-differential impact of the pandemic should be addressed in public health policies.

[Changes in Hepatitis A epidemiological pattern in Andalucía: 2007-2017]. / Cambios en el patrón epidemiológico de la Hepatitis A en Andalucía: 2007-2017.

OBJECTIVE: Sexual transmission of hepatitis A (HAV) is documented, mainly by risk behaviors in men who have sex with men (MSM). There have been HAV outbreaks in MSM in countries of the European Union in the last years. The aim of this work was to study HAV epidemiology in Andalusia in the last 10 years (2007-2017) and the outbreaks among MSM in this period. METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study of HAV cases reported in the Andalusia Epidemiological Surveillance System between January 2007 and May 2017. We calculated the annual incidence rate per 100000 habitants. We studied case distribution for gender and age. We used the male-female ratio as an indirect marker for MSM. RESULTS: The mean annual incidence rate in the study period was 4.09 cases per 100000 habitants, with a difference by sex: 4.7 per 100000 men and 2.53 per 100000 women. Two large outbreaks were detected in this period: one in 2008-2009 and another in 2016-2017. The epidemiological characteristics of these outbreaks differ from the classical pattern of the disease, affecting young MSM with associated sexual risk behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: MSM play a fundamental role in recent outbreaks of HAV. For disease control we must carry out a different strategy, assessing the introduction of systematic vaccination.

OBJETIVO: La trasmisión sexual de la hepatitis A (VHA) está documentada, principalmente en conduc- tas de riesgo en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH). En los últimos años están apareciendo brotes de VHA en HSH en países de la Unión Europea. El objetivo del trabajo fue estudiar la epidemiología del VHA en Andalucía en los últimos 10 años (2007-2017) y la de los brotes ocurridos en HSH en dicho periodo. METODOS: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los casos de VHA declarados en el Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Andalucía (SVEA) entre enero de 2007 y mayo de 2017. Se calculó la tasa de incidencia anual por 100.000 habitantes. Se estudió la distribución de los casos por grupo de edad y sexo. Se usó la razón hombre-mujer, como marcador indirecto de los HSH. RESULTADOS: La tasa de incidencia media anual en el periodo de estudio fue 4,09 casos por 100.000 habitantes, con una diferencia según sexo: 4,7 por 100.000 hombres y 2,53 por 100.000 mujeres. Aparecieron dos grandes brotes en este periodo: uno en 2008-2009 y otro en 2016-2017. Las características epidemiológicas de estos brotes difirieron del patrón clásico de la enfermedad, afectando a HSH jóvenes, colectivo que se asocia con conductas sexuales de riesgo. CONCLUSIONES: Los HSH tienen un papel fundamental en los brotes de VHA aparecidos recientemente. Para el control de la enfermedad debemos realizar una estrategia diferente, valorando la introducción de la vacunación sistemática.

Cambios en el patrón epidemiológico de la Hepatitis A en Andalucía: 2007-2017 / Changes in Hepatitis A epidemiological pattern in Andalucía: 2007-2017

Fundamentos: La trasmisión sexual de la hepatitis A (VHA) está documentada, principalmente en conductas de riesgo en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH). En los últimos años están apareciendo brotes de VHA en HSH en países de la Unión Europea. El objetivo del trabajo fue estudiar la epidemiología del VHA en Andalucía en los últimos 10 años (2007-2017) y la de los brotes ocurridos en HSH en dicho periodo. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los casos de VHA declarados en el Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Andalucía (SVEA) entre enero de 2007 y mayo de 2017. Se calculó la tasa de incidencia anual por 100.000 habitantes. Se estudió la distribución de los casos por grupo de edad y sexo. Se usó la razón hombre-mujer, como marcador indirecto de los HSH. Resultados: La tasa de incidencia media anual en el periodo de estudio fue 4,09 casos por 100.000 habitantes, con una diferencia según sexo: 4,7 por 100.000 hombres y 2,53 por 100.000 mujeres. Aparecieron dos grandes brotes en este periodo: uno en 2008-2009 y otro en 2016-2017. Las características epidemiológicas de estos brotes difirieron del patrón clásico de la enfermedad, afectando a HSH jóvenes, colectivo que se asocia con conductas sexuales de riesgo. Conclusiones: Los HSH tienen un papel fundamental en los brotes de VHA aparecidos recientemente. Para el control de la enfermedad debemos realizar una estrategia diferente, valorando la introducción de la vacunación sistemática

Background: Sexual transmission of hepatitis A (HAV) is documented, mainly by risk behaviors in men who have sex with men (MSM). There have been HAV outbreaks in MSM in countries of the European Union in the last years. The aim of this work was to study HAV epidemiology in Andalusia in the last 10 years (2007-2017) and the outbreaks among MSM in this period. Methods: Retrospective descriptive study of HAV cases reported in the Andalusia Epidemiological Surveillance System between January 2007 and May 2017. We calculated the annual incidence rate per 100000 habitants. We studied case distribution for gender and age. We used the male-female ratio as an indirect marker for MSM. Results: The mean annual incidence rate in the study period was 4.09 cases per 100000 habitants, with a difference by sex: 4.7 per 100000 men and 2.53 per 100000 women. Two large outbreaks were detected in this period: one in 2008-2009 and another in 2016-2017. The epidemiological characteristics of these outbreaks differ from the classical pattern of the disease, affecting young MSM with associated sexual risk behaviors. Conclusions: MSM play a fundamental role in recent outbreaks of HAV. For disease control we must carry out a different strategy, assessing the introduction of systematic vaccination