Discovery of dual-target natural antimalarial agents against DHODH and PMT of Plasmodium falciparum: pharmacophore modelling, molecular docking, quantum mechanics, and molecular dynamics simulations.

Malaria is a lethal disease that claims thousands of lives worldwide annually. The objective of this study was to identify new natural compounds that can target two P. falciparum enzymes; P. falciparum Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (PfDHODH) and P. falciparum phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase (PfPMT). To accomplish this, e-pharmacophore modelling and molecular docking were employed against PfDHODH. Following this, 1201 natural compounds with docking scores of ≤ -7 kcal/mol were docked into the active site of the second enzyme PMT. The top nine compounds were subjected to further investigation using MM-GBSA free binding energy calculations and ADME analysis. The results revealed favourable free binding energy values better than the references, as well as acceptable pharmacokinetic properties. Compounds ZINC000013377887, ZINC000015113777, and ZINC000085595753 were scrutinized to assess their interaction stability with the PfDHODH enzyme, and chemical stability reactivity using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. These findings indicate that the three natural compounds are potential candidates for dual PfDHODH and PfPMT inhibitors for malaria treatment.

Investigating the impact of stigma, accessibility and confidentiality on STI/STD/HIV self-testing among college students in the USA: protocol for a scoping review.

INTRODUCTION: In 2019, there were 2.5 million reported cases of chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported in the USA, young people aged 15-24 made up 61% and 42% of chlamydia and gonorrhoea cases, respectively. Moreover, the highest rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were reported among college-aged students. In this paper, we outline our protocol to systematically review the published literature on, the use of STI/HIV self-test kits, increasing STI/HIV testing uptake, and stigma, access and confidentiality issues, among young adult college students in the USA. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This scoping review will be conducted and reported according to the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. We will search electronic databases, OVID Medline, OVID Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed and CINAHL, for articles published in English from inception to the present. We will search other alternative sources such as ProQuest, Google Scholar and Google to identify grey literature. A two-step process will be used to identify eligible studies based on the defined inclusion criteria. First, the title and abstract of identified articles will be screened for possible inclusion. Second, full-text articles of relevant studies will be retrieved and screened for inclusion. Both screening steps will be done by two people independently. Finally, data will be extracted by two researchers working independently. Any arising disagreements will be resolved by consensus or by a third author. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study is a scoping review of the literature. Therefore, ethics approval is not required. Our plan for the dissemination of findings includes peer-reviewed manuscripts, conferences and webinars.

Application of a hybrid method for efficiency calibration of a NaI detector.

A previously proposed hybrid analytical-numerical method for efficiency calibration of a NaI detector for a point γ-source is extended and applied for other shapes of sources. The shapes include line, disk, and cylindrical sources of various dimensions and locations with respect to the right circular cylindrical NaI detector. The results obtained by this method have been evaluated through comparison with Monte Carlo (MC) calculations. A relative maximum difference of 3.5% is found between the two methods.

Ipsilateral open anterior hip dislocation and avulsion fracture of the greater trochanter: An unusual case report.

Approximately 3% of all joint dislocations involve the hip joint, and only 8-10% of these will be anterior. Traumatic anterior open dislocation of the hip is rare in children and prone to be associated with injuries, extensive soft tissue damage, and avascular necrosis of the femoral head. We present a case of a 13-year-old boy who had an open anterior dislocation of the hip with ipsilateral avulsion of the greater trochanter after a tractor wheel crush in an agricultural accident. Additional lesions included a diaphyseal closed fracture of the contralateral femur. We report this case because of the rarity and seriousness of this injury due to its progressive complications and difficulties related to its management.

Prolonged P wave duration is associated with right atrial dimensions, but not atrial arrhythmias, in middle-aged endurance athletes.

BACKGROUND: Atrial arrhythmias occur at a higher than expected prevalence amongst endurance athletes. Few studies have examined both atrial structure and arrhythmias in middle-aged endurance athletes. We examined the relationship between P-wave duration, atrial dimensions, and the presence of atrial ectopy in long-standing, middle-aged endurance athletes. METHODS: Middle-aged athletes with a minimum of 10 years of competitive endurance sport history and no history of structural heart disease or clinical atrial arrhythmias, had 12-lead ECGs to assess P-wave duration, signal-averaged ECGs (SAECG) to assess filtered P-wave duration, a 24 h Holter monitor to assess atrial ectopy, and echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to assess atrial structural characteristics. RESULTS: Amongst endurance athletes (n = 104; mean age = 54 ±â€¯5 years; 63% male), filtered P-wave duration on SAECG was correlated with P-wave duration on 12-lead ECG (r = 0.36, p, 0.0001), as well as with larger CMR-derived RA areas (r = 0.30, p = 0.01) and volumes (r = 0.24, p < 0.05). There was no correlation between filtered P-wave duration and any LA measures on imaging (p > 0.05). There was no correlation between the incidence of atrial ectopy (premature atrial contractions or atrial tachycardia) and any electrocardiographic or structural measures. CONCLUSION: Longer filtered P-wave duration was associated with larger RA areas and volumes, without an increase in atrial ectopy.

Outcomes of Paediatric Elbow Dislocations.

Introduction: Elbow dislocations are uncommon in children. The treatment and outcomes remains controversial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We report retrospectively the clinical and functional results of elbow dislocations in children treated in Sahloul University Hospital. Both isolated or pure dislocations and those associated with other injuries were evaluated separately. Results: Forty-eight children were selected based on inclusion criteria. All were unilateral injuries. Pure dislocations were observed in 19 cases, out of which according to the Robert's criteria, 13 children (68%) had excellent, three (15%) good, two (10%) fair, and one (7%)poor outcome. Out of the 29 elbow dislocations associated with other injuries, 3 (10%) had excellent, 4 (13%) good, 8 (27%) fair and 14 (50%) poor result. Reviewing the functional results, better range of motion was found in elbows with pure dislocation compared to those with associated injuries. Conclusion: Prolonged follow-up and effective rehabilitation programs are required for good outcomes.

Economic burden of hepatitis C in Egypt: the future impact of highly effective therapies.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Egypt is the highest in the world, yet the total economic burden has not been quantified. Improved understanding of costs and the impact of treatment strategies will provide for better allocation of resources to reduce HCV disease and economic burden. AIM: A modelling approach was used to quantify the current HCV-infected population, future disease progression and associated costs in Egypt. METHODS: Direct healthcare costs were calculated from a nationally representative hospital and a disability adjusted life year (DALY) template was used with monetary value assigned to lost life years. Three scenarios were considered: (i) Historical treatment scenario: 50% SVR; 65,000 treated annually, (ii) Current treatment scenario: 90% sustained virologic response (SVR); 65,000 treated annually, (iii) Increased treatment scenario: 90% SVR; 325,000 treated annually by 2018. RESULTS: Cumulative DALYs (2015-2030) under Scenario 1 were estimated at 7.88 million and cumulative costs estimated at $89.07 billion. Annual DALYs increased 16% during 2015-2030 while annual costs more than doubled. Scenario 2 reduced cumulative DALYs and costs by 7% and 4%, respectively. Under Scenario 3, total costs declined 73% to $1047 million during 2015-2030. As compared to Scenario 1, cumulative DALYs and costs decreased 37% and 35%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first estimate of the total economic burden of HCV in Egypt. Extraordinary measures are necessary to substantially reduce HCV disease and cost burden. With newer therapies, strategies to reduce disease burden are feasible and cost-effective.

Scrotal cooling and its benefits to male fertility: a systematic review.

The aim of this study was to systematically review the evidence for the impact of scrotal cooling on spermatogenesis. EMBASE (1980-2010) and MEDLINE (1950-Sept. 2010) databases were searched using the terms 'male infertility or subfertility or fertility', combined with a separate search of 'scrotal cooling', without any limits or restrictions. A total of eight articles met the criteria for inclusion in the study. There was insufficient evidence to draw any firm conclusions about the impact of scrotal cooling on male fertility. A positive trend of improved male fertility was however observed. There is therefore a need for well designed randomised controlled trials.

A Clinical Experience With Sharp Bronchial Foreign Bodies in Sudanese Patients

Background and Objectives: Foreign body (FB) aspiration is a worldwide health problem which can result in life threatening complications. It Most commonly occurs among children younger than 4 years of age; yet aspiration of sharp foreign bodies are seen more commonly in adults; growing up children and adolescents. The aim of this work is to study the demographical features; clinical presentations and management outcome of aspirated sharp metal foreign bodies in a group of Sudanese patients. Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective hospital based study including all cases of sharp metal foreign body aspiration who presented to the ENT department at Wad-Medani Teaching Hospital; Wad Medani; Sudan during the period from Nov. 2004 to Aug. 2007. Results: Total number of cases was fourteen (n=14). Twelve patients (85.7) were females and two were males (14.3); with a female to male ratio of 6:1. Patient ages ranged from 11 to 35 years with a mean age of 19.6 year. Rigid bronchoscopy was performed in all cases. The types of foreign body were headscarf pin in all females (85.7) and syringe needle in the two male cases (14.3) and were equally encountered in both right et left main bronchi. The foreign bodies were successfully removed using rigid bronchoscopy under general anaesthesia with grasping forceps in 12 cases (85.7); failed in one female patient (7.1) and postoperative mortality encountered in one male case (7.1). Conclusion: The use of headscarf pin is a cultural practice that carries serious health hazard which can be avoided by community health education et awareness. Rigid bronchoscopy is a suitable choice for diagnosis and treatment and should only be performed or supervised by a senior expert bronchoscopist. Sticker manufacturer specifications and trade regulations for scarf pins should be implemented