Water molecule elimination from the protonated methanol dimer ion-An example of a size-selective intracluster reaction.

The abundance of extraterrestrial methanol makes the reaction between methanol molecules in a molecular cluster a possible key step in the search for mechanisms for the formation of more complex molecules under the conditions of the interstellar medium as well as circumstellar and planetary atmospheres. The reaction leading to the formation of the dimethyl ether ion from a methanol molecule interacting with a protonated methanol ion via the elimination of a water molecule is a basic mechanism for the formation of complex organic molecules. Here, we experimentally examine such reactions in the gas phase, analyzing the production and reactivity of protonated cluster ions formed by the ionization of a supersonic jet of methanol. Focusing especially on the post-collisional relaxation of the protonated methanol dimer and trimer ions after high-energy single collisions, the results indicate a strong size selectivity favoring the occurrence of this reaction only in the dimer ion. To elucidate this behavior, the velocity distribution of the eliminated water molecule was measured using an event-by-event coincidence analysis. These results are interpreted using quantum chemical calculations of the dissociation pathways. It turns out that in the dimer case, two transition states are able to contribute to this intracluster reaction. In the trimer case, methanol evaporation appears as the most energetically favorable relaxation pathway.

The Characterization and Evaluation of the Soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-like Transcript-1 in Stable Coronary Artery Disease.

Platelets play crucial roles in the development and progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). The triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells-like transcript-1 (TLT-1) is stored in platelet α granules, and activated platelets release a soluble fragment (sTLT-1). We set out to better characterize the constituent amino acids of sTLT-1 and to evaluate sTLT-1 for use as a biomarker in patients with stable CAD. We evaluated sTLT-1 release using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry and employed statistical methods to retrospectively correlate sTLT-1 concentrations, utilizing ELISA in plasma samples from 1510 patients with documented stable CAD. We identified TLT-1 residues to 133 in platelet releasates. ADAM17 cuts TLT-1, suggesting that S136 is the C-terminal amino acid in sTLT-1. Our results revealed that for CAD patients, sTLT-1 levels did not differ significantly according to primary outcomes of death or major cardiac event; however, patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction had significantly lower plasma sTLT-1 levels as compared to those with normal LV function (981.62 ± 1141 pg/mL vs. 1247.48 ± 1589 pg/mL; p = 0.003). When patients were stratified based on sTLT-1 peak frequency distribution (544 pg/mL), a significant association with congestive heart failure was identified (OR = 2.94; 1.040-8.282; p = 0.042), which could be explained by LV dysfunction.

[Description of a telehealth mental health programme in the framework of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia]. / Descripción de un programa de telesalud mental en el marco de la pandemia de COVID-19 en Colombia.

Background: A telehealth mental health programme was designed at the LivingLab of the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad de Antioquia [University of Antioquia].Objectives: To describe the development and operation of the programme and evaluate the satisfaction of the patients treated during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021.Methods: Descriptive study that details the development of the programme. Data were extracted from medical records to describe the patients who were treated. A satisfaction scale was applied to a random sample and the data were summarised with descriptive statistics.Results: In March 2020 and August 2021, 10,229 patients were treated, with 20,276 treated by telepsychology and 4,164 by psychiatry, 1,808 by telepsychiatry and 2,356 by tele-expertise, with a total of 6,312 visits. The most frequent diagnoses were depressive (36.8%), anxiety (12.0%), and psychotic (10.7%) disorders. Respondents were satisfied to the point that more than 93% would recommend it to another person.Conclusions: The LivingLab telehealth mental health programme allowed for the care of patients with mental health problems and disorders in Antioquia during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and there was a high degree of satisfaction among the beneficiaries. Therefore it could be adopted in mental health care.

Características y complicaciones de la intoxicación aguda por cocaína Un estudio transversal en un servicio de urgencias de Colombia / Characteristics and complications of acute cocaine intoxication A cross-sectional study in an emergency room in Colombia

Resumen Introducción: el consumo de cocaína se ha incrementado y con ello el número de consultas a urgencias y hospitalizaciones por intoxicación aguda. El objetivo fue describir las características y complicaciones de los pacientes intoxicados por cocaína que acudieron al servicio de urgencias de un hospital de alta complejidad de Colombia. Método: estudio de corte transversal. Se incluyeron pacientes atendidos durante 2016 y 2019 con intoxicación por cocaína, según historia clínica y test de cocaína positivo y sin enfermedad de base que afectara directamente la supervivencia. Se describieron las características sociodemográficas y clínicas y se estimó la mortalidad y prevalencia de complicaciones. Resultados: se incluyeron 159 pacientes, en su mayoría hombres, con bajo nivel educativo y mediana de edad de 31 años. La mortalidad fue 3.8%. La prevalencia de lesión renal aguda (LRA) fue de 29.6% (IC95% 22.6-37.3%), 8.8% (IC95% 4.3-14.3%) para insuficiencia hepática aguda (IHA), 4.4% (IC95% 1.8-8.9%) para infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) y 4.4% (IC 95% 1.8-8.9%) para ataque cerebrovascular (ACV). Los niveles elevados de fosfocreatinquinasa (CPK) fueron encontrados con valores mayor a mil en 80% de pacientes con LRA, 100% de IHA, y en 50% de ACV. Conclusión: la intoxicación aguda por cocaína produce alteraciones multiorgánicas principalmente renales y hepáticas, que pueden ser por daño directo y también posiblemente por daño muscular reflejado en la elevación de CPK. Esto puede indicar la necesidad de vigilancia estricta de esta enzima y su investigación como variable pronóstica. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2022.2256).

Abstract Introduction: the use of cocaine has increased, and, with it, the number of emergency room visits and hospitalizations due to acute intoxication. The objective was to describe the characteristics and complications of patients with cocaine intoxication who were seen in the emergency room of a tertiary care hospital in Colombia. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional study. Patients seen from 2016 to 2019 with cocaine intoxication, according to the medical chart and a positive cocaine test, and with no underlying diseases which would directly affect survival, were included. The sociodemographic and clinical characteristic were described, and the mortality and prevalence of complications were estimated. Results: a total of 159 patients were included, mostly males, with a low educational level and a median age of 31 years. The mortality was 3.8%. The prevalence of acute kidney injury (AKI) was 29.6% (95%CI 22.6 - 37.3%), 8.8% (95%CI 4.3 - 14.3%) for acute liver failure (ALF), 4.4% (95%CI 1.8 - 8.9%) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 4.4% (95% CI 1.8-8.9%) for cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels were found to be greater than 1,000 in 80% of patients with AKI, 100% of those with ALF, and 50% of those with CVA. Conclusion: acute cocaine intoxication causes multiple organ dysfunction, mainly of the kidneys and liver, which may be due to direct injury and possibly also due to muscle damage reflected in the elevated CPK. This could indicate the need for strict monitoring of this enzyme and research of its use as a prognostic variable. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2022.2256).

Therapeutic Effects of Physical Exercise and the Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome by Modulating Neuroinflammatory Response in Multiple Sclerosis.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative, demyelinating, and chronic inflammatory disease characterized by Central Nervous System (CNS) lesions that lead to high levels of disability and severe physical and cognitive disturbances. Conventional therapies are not enough to control the neuroinflammatory process in MS and are not able to inhibit ongoing damage to the CNS. Thus, the secretome of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-S) has been postulated as a potential therapy that could mitigate symptoms and disease progression. We considered that its combination with physical exercise (EX) could induce superior effects and increase the MSC-S effectiveness in this condition. Recent studies have revealed that both EX and MSC-S share similar mechanisms of action that mitigate auto-reactive T cell infiltration, regulate the local inflammatory response, modulate the proinflammatory profile of glial cells, and reduce neuronal damage. Clinical and experimental studies have reported that these treatments in an isolated way also improve myelination, regeneration, promote the release of neurotrophic factors, and increase the recruitment of endogenous stem cells. Together, these effects reduce disease progression and improve patient functionality. Despite these results, the combination of these methods has not yet been studied in MS. In this review, we focus on molecular elements and cellular responses induced by these treatments in a separate way, showing their beneficial effects in the control of symptoms and disease progression in MS, as well as indicating their contribution in clinical fields. In addition, we propose the combined use of EX and MSC-S as a strategy to boost their reparative and immunomodulatory effects in this condition, combining their benefits on synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, remyelination, and neuroinflammatory response. The findings here reported are based on the scientific evidence and our professional experience that will bring significant progress to regenerative medicine to deal with this condition.

Trastornos electrolíticos inducidos por fármacos y sustancias tóxicas / Electrolyte disorders induced by drugs and toxic substances

Las enfermedades pueden generar un desequilibrio de electrolitos como parte de su fisiopatología, al igual que los medicamentos usados crónicamente y algunas sustancias tóxicas disponibles en nuestro medio. A pesar de todos los datos estadísticos existentes, la incidencia global de los trastornos electrolíticos secundarios a fármacos o sustancias tóxicas permanece desconocida, y, posiblemente, subregistrada; por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta revisión es analizar los trastornos electrolíticos que causan algunos medicamentos y sustancias tóxicas, y describir el mecanismo a través del cual se producen las alteraciones, en particular, del sodio, potasio, magnesio, calcio y fósforo, con el fin de alertar a los profesionales de la salud en el momento de enfrentarse a este tipo de condiciones en su práctica clínica. El conocimiento de los efectos adversos relacionados con medicamentos y tóxicos es importante para prevenir, identificar y gestionar de forma eficaz, complicaciones que son potencialmente peligrosas. Esta revisión pretende ser un referente de apoyo para los profesionales de la salud en estas situaciones

Diseases can generate an electrolyte imbalance as part of their pathophysiology, as well as chronic use of some medications, and toxic substances available in our environment. Despite all the separate statistical data, the overall incidence of fluid and electrolyte disorders secondary to drugs or toxic substances remains unknown, and possibly underreported; therefore, the objective of this review is to analyze electrolyte disorders caused by some medications and toxic substances, and describe the mechanism through which changes in sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus occur, in particular, in order to alert health professionals when facing this type of conditions in their clinical practice. Knowledge of drug and toxic-related adverse effects is important to effectively prevent, identify, and manage complications that can be potentially life-threatening. This review intends to be a reference for supporting health professionals in these situations

Compromiso renal y digestivo en infecciones por COVID-19 / Renal and digestive engagement in COVID-19 infections

Resumen La infección por el síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS-CoV-2) ha causado una de las emergencias epidemiológicas más grandes de los últimos 10 años y sus efectos patológicos son aún estudiados. Por lo anterior, resulta importante describir los mecanismos asociados al compromiso renal y digestivo en la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Los mecanismos patológicos en tejido renal y en intestino causados por la infección por SARS-CoV-2 son propios del tropismo viral por células de estos sistemas y de los mecanismos citopáticos de etapa lítica de la infección, con una liberación continua de viriones que favorece la generación de un entorno inflamatorio con la consecuente secreción descontrolada de citoquinas proinflamatorias que conducen a la infección entérica del intestino y a las alteraciones en el riñón.

Abstract Infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) has caused one of the largest epidemiological emergencies in the last 10 years and its pathological effects are still studied. Due to the aforementioned, it is important to describe the mechanisms associated with renal and digestive compromise in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The pathological mechanisms in kidney tissue and in the intestine caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection are characteristic of the viral tropism by cells of these systems and of the lymphocytic mechanisms of the lytic stage of the infection, with a continuous release of virions that favors the generation of an inflammatory environment with the consequent uncontrolled secretion of proinflammatory cytokines that lead to enteric infection of the intestine and alterations in the kidney.

Epidemiology and Toxicology of Ciguatera Poisoning in the Colombian Caribbean.

Ciguatera is a food intoxication caused by the consumption of primarily coral fish; these species exist in large numbers in the seas that surround the Colombian territory. The underreported diagnosis of this clinical entity has been widely highlighted due to multiple factors, such as, among others, ignorance by the primary care practitioner consulted for this condition as well as clinical similarity to secondary gastroenteric symptoms and common food poisonings of bacterial, parasitic or viral etiology. Eventually, it was found that people affected by ciguatoxins had trips to coastal areas hours before the onset of symptoms. Thanks to multiple studies over the years, it has been possible to identify the relation between toxigenic dinoflagellates and seagrasses, as well as its incorporation into the food chain, starting by fish primarily inhabiting reef ecosystems and culminating in the intake of these by humans. Identifying the epidemiological link, its cardinal symptoms and affected systems, such as gastrointestinal, the peripheral nervous system and, fortunately with a low frequency, the cardiovascular system, leads to a purely clinical diagnostic impression without necessitating further complementary studies; in addition, what would also help fight ciguatera poisoning is performing an adequate treatment of the symptoms right from the start, without underestimating or overlooking any associated complications.

Decisiones de final de vida en tiempos de pandemia / End-of-life decisions during the COVID 19 pandemic

No disponible

Sexual forms obtained in a continuous in vitro cultured Colombian strain of Plasmodium falciparum (FCB2).

BACKGROUND: The epidemiological control of malaria has been hampered by the appearance of parasite resistance to anti-malarial drugs and by the resistance of mosquito vectors to control measures. This has also been associated with weak transmission control, mostly due to poor control of asymptomatic patients associated with host-vector transmission. This highlights the importance of studying the parasite's sexual forms (gametocytes) which are involved in this phase of the parasite's life-cycle. Some African and Asian strains of Plasmodium falciparum have been fully characterized regarding sexual forms' production; however, few Latin-American strains have been so characterized. This study was aimed at characterizing the Colombian FCB2 strain as a gametocyte producer able to infect mosquitoes. METHODS: Gametocyte production was induced in in vitro cultured P. falciparum FCB2 and 3D7 strains. Pfap2g and Pfs25 gene expression was detected in FCB2 strain gametocyte culture by RT-PCR. Comparative analysis of gametocytes obtained from both strains was made (counts and morphological changes). In vitro zygote formation from FCB2 gametocytes was induced by incubating a gametocyte culture sample at 27 °C for 20 min. A controlled Anopheles albimanus infection was made using an artificial feed system with cultured FCB2 gametocytes (14-15 days old). Mosquito midgut dissection was then carried out for analyzing oocysts. RESULTS: The FCB2 strain expressed Pfap2g, Pfs16, Pfg27/25 and Pfs25 sexual differentiation-related genes after in vitro sexual differentiation induction, producing gametocytes that conserved the expected morphological features. The amount of FCB2 gametocytes produced was similar to that from the 3D7 strain. FCB2 gametocytes were differentiated into zygotes and ookinetes after an in vitro low-temperature stimulus and infected An. albimanus mosquitoes, developing to oocyst stage. CONCLUSIONS: Even with the history of long-term FCB2 strain in vitro culture maintenance, it has retained its sexual differentiation ability. The gametocytes produced here preserved these parasite forms' usual characteristics and An. albimanus infection capability, thus enabling its use as a tool for studying sexual form biology, An. albimanus infection comparative analysis and anti-malarial drug and vaccine development.

Imaging after Bariatric Surgery: When Interpretation Is a Challenge, from Normal to Abnormal.

Bariatric surgery has proven to be the most effective weight loss strategy in severe obesity. Imaging in the immediate postoperative period of bariatric surgery is not done routinely. However, it is helpful in the assessment of early and late complications, which are estimated to be present in < 1% of patients. In some cases, the imaging interpretation of anatomical outcomes and complications related to these procedures represents a challenge for surgeons and radiologists. The aim of this review is to describe the imagenologic findings after bariatric surgery and focuses on the findings of the most frequent procedures performed in Colombia such as laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Contrasted CT scan and fluoroscopic studies have shown a high sensitivity in the early and late diagnosis of bariatric surgery complications, but in order to be able to appropriately identify these complications, it is important to be familiar with the normal or expected radiological findings.

Solving the negative impact of congestion in the postanesthesia care unit: a cost of opportunity analysis.

BACKGROUND: Congestion in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) leads to the formation of waiting queues for patients being transferred after surgery, negatively affecting hospital resources. As patients recover in the operating room, incoming surgeries are delayed. The purpose of this study was to establish the impact of this phenomenon in multiple settings. METHODS: An operational mathematical study based on the queuing theory was performed. Average queue length, average queue waiting time, and daily queue waiting time were evaluated. Calculations were based on the mean patient daily flow, PACU length of stay, occupation, and current number of beds. Data was prospectively collected during a period of 2 months, and the entry and exit time was recorded for each patient taken to the PACU. Data was imputed in a computational model made with MS Excel. To account for data uncertainty, deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses for all dependent variables were performed. RESULTS: With a mean patient daily flow of 40.3 and an average PACU length of stay of 4 hours, average total lost surgical opportunity time was estimated at 2.36 hours (95% CI: 0.36-4.74 hours). Cost of opportunity was calculated at $1592 per lost hour. Sensitivity analysis showed that an increase of two beds is required to solve the queue formation. CONCLUSIONS: When congestion has a negative impact on cost of opportunity in the surgical setting, queuing analysis grants definitive actions to solve the problem, improving quality of service and resource utilization.

Biliary strictures complicating liver transplantation in pediatric patients: Experience in a South American transplant center.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the experience of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) with biliary dilatation and drainage after pediatric liver transplantation and to determine the long-term outcome of this procedure. METHODS: Retrospective study from 2001 to 2013. Follow-up after treatment was also undertaken. A survival analysis was performed in patients in whom the procedure and eventual removal of the catheter were successful. RESULTS: In all, 196 children received liver transplants; 40 of them (20 boys and 20 girls; median age of 4 years) were treated using PTC due to biliary complications. Sixty-one PTC procedures were performed in 40 liver transplant recipients. Technically successful PTC was achieved in 87.5% of the patients. The probability of a patient not developing unfavorable outcomes 1, 5, and 10 years after treatment was 88.9%, 83.0%, and 74.1%.

Revascularización quirúrgica en pacientes con disfunción ventricular severa / Revascularization surgery in patients with severe ventricular dysfunction

Resumen Introducción: La enfermedad coronaria es la principal causa de la falla cardiaca en el mundo. Sin embargo, con frecuencia se niega la opción de la revascularización a los pacientes con disfunción ventricular severa. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas y la mortalidad a 1 y 6 meses de los pacientes con fracción de eyección menor o igual a 35% sometidos a cirugía de revascularización coronaria en un centro de referencia en Colombia. Metodología: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y descriptivo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1133 pacientes intervenidos entre enero de 2009 y diciembre de 2013 de los cuales 77 tenían fracción de eyección ventricular menor o igual a 35% (6,8%). La edad promedio fue 63 años (37-82). La fracción de eyección promedio fue 31% (15-35%). El diámetro de fin de diástole indexado fue en promedio 30,2 (22,1-39,2). La indicación de la revascularización fue infarto agudo de miocardio en 75,6% y falla cardiaca crónica en 24%. La mortalidad a 30 días fue de 8,1% y a 6 meses 13,5%. Se observó mejoría de la fracción de eyección ventricular a los 6 meses en el 81% de los pacientes. Se realizó viabilidad miocárdica antes de la revascularización en solo 5 pacientes (6,6%). Conclusiones: Este estudio sugiere que el pronóstico de los pacientes con disfunción sistólica severa que son llevados a la revascularización quirúrgica es similar a lo reportado en otros estudios y adicionalmente se acompaña de mejoría de la fracción de eyección.

Abstract Introduction: Coronary disease is the main cause for heart failure in the world. However, the option of revascularization is often denied to patients with severe ventricular dysfunction. Motivation: To describe clinical characteristics and mortality after 1 and 6 months of patients with an ejection fraction less than or equal to 35% who underwent coronary revascularization in a Colombian reference centre. Methods: Retrospective, descriptive, observational study. Results: 1133 patients who had surgery between January 2009 and 2013 were included, of whom 77 had ventricular ejection fraction of less than or equal to 35%. Average age was of 63 years (37-82). Average ejection fraction was 31% (15-35%). Registered end-diastolic diameter averaged 30.2 (22.1-39.2). Indication for revascularization was acute myocardial infarction in 75.6% and chronic heart failure in 24% of the cases. 30-day mortality rate was 8.1% and 6- month mortality was 13.5%. Improvement of ventricular ejection fraction was seen on 81% of the patients. Myocardial viability assessment before revascularization was conducted in only 5 cases (6.6%). Conclusions: This study suggests that the prognosis of patients with severe systolic dysfunction who undergo revascularization surgery is similar to other studies and additionally helps improve ejection fraction.

Experiencia en el diagnóstico de colesteatoma con imágenes de difusión en resonancia magnética (rm-dwi) en un centro de alta complejidad / Experience in diagnosis of cholesteatoma with diffusion-weighted magentic resonance imaging (dw-mri) in a tertiary center

Objetivo: Determinar la concordancia entre DWI-RM en pacientes con sospecha de colesteatoma y los hallazgos en cirugía y patología. Diseño: Estudio observacional de corte transversal. Métodos: Se revisaron DWI-RM de pacientes con sospecha clínica de colesteatoma realizadas en la Fundación Valle de Lili entre Enero del 2012 y Noviembre del 2015 quienes fueron llevados a cirugía comparando los hallazgos obtenidos en la RM y en la patología. Resultados: Se evaluaron 15 DWIRM de pacientes con sospecha de colesteatoma llevados a cirugía, 8 mujeres y 7 hombres entre 6 y 72 años. Se concluyeron 6 estudios positivos y 9 sin evidencia de colesteatoma. Todos los pacientes del grupo con RM positiva fueron confirmados por patología. En total, hubo una concordancia diagnóstica casi perfecta (Kappa: 0,86 IC 95% 0,65-1). Conclusión: La DWI-RM es específica para la detección de colesteatoma y es una herramienta útil en el seguimiento y planeamiento quirúrgico.

Objective: To determine the concordance between DW-MRI and findings in surgery and pathology in patients with clinically suspected cholesteatoma. Design: Cross sectional Study. Methods: A qualitative evaluation of DW images was made for presence of cholesteatoma in patients with clinical suspicion who underwent surgery. MR images were obtained in Fundación Valle del Lili, between January 2012 and November 2015 and the results were compared with surgery and histological findings. Results: There were 15 patients with suspected cholesteatoma who had undergone DW-MRI and surgery, 8 women and 7 men between 6 and 72 years old. Six patients had positive and 9 patients had negative images for cholesteatoma. All the patients who underwent surgery with positive MR images had histological confirmation. In total, there was a diagnostic agreement almost perfect (Kappa: 0,86 IC 95% 0,65-1). Conclusion: MR-DWI is specific for cholesteatoma detection; it is a useful tool in monitoring and surgical planning.

Prevalencia del trastorno depresivo en pacientes que consultan un servicio de urgencias en Bogotá / Prevalence of depressive disorder among emergency department patients in Bogotá

Introducción: Por su alta prevalencia, la depresión se considera un problema de salud mundial. Es importante conocer la prevalencia de este trastorno en los pacientes que acuden a servicios de urgencia en Bogotá. Objetivo: Calcular la prevalencia de síntomas depresivos en la última semana y determinar las características demográficas de personas entre los 18 y 65 años de edad que acuden por patologías no psiquiátricas al servicio de urgencias de un hospital universitario en Bogotá. Método: Estudio de corte transversal de pacientes adultos que asisten al servicio de urgencias de un hospital universitario. La información recopilada incluye datos demográficos, motivo de consulta, diagnóstico y aplicación de la escala del centro de estudios epidemiológicos para depresión (CES-D). Resultados: Se obtuvo una muestra de 470 pacientes que acudieron al servicio de urgencias con una prevalencia de síntomas depresivos en la última semana, del 27,7%. La presencia de sintomatología depresiva se vio asociada con sexo femenino, bajo nivel educativo, acudir en horario de la tarde al servicio de urgencias y diagnóstico de alguna enfermedad del sistema nervioso central. Conclusiones: Se describe por primera vez en Bogotá la prevalencia de síntomas depresivos en la población que acude a los servicios de urgencias de un hospital general. Son necesarios más estudios para dilucidar factores de riesgo asociados a este trastorno en la población que acude a servicios de urgencias...

Background: Depression is a public health problem worldwide due to its high prevalence. In emergency departments it is often underdetected and undertreated. It is important to be informed about the prevalence of this disorder in emergency departments in Bogotá. Objective: To determine the prevalence of clinically significant depressive symptoms in the last week among adult patients visiting the emergency department (ED) with non-psychiatric complaints, in a teaching hospital in Bogotá. Method: Cross-sectional study in adult patients who visit the ED. Data collected included socio-demographical data, chief complaint, diagnosis, and results of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Results: Of the 470 patients visiting the ED, 27.7% had clinically significant depressive symptoms. The presence of depressive symptoms was associated with female sex, low education level, visits to the ED in the afternoon, and the diagnosis of a central nervous system disease. Conclusions: This study identified a high frequency of clinically significant depressive symptoms among ED patients in Bogotá. More studies are needed to determine risk factors associated to this disorder in this kind of population...

La teoría de los delirios como falsas creencias y la convicción e incorregibilidad de los fenómenos psíquicos / The theory of delusions as false beliefs and the conviction and incorrigibility of psychic phenomena

Introducción: La teoría que presenta a los delirios como falsas creencias es la predominante en psiquiatría, al menos desde 1950. A su alrededor gira la definición propuesta en el DSM-IV. Cuando se examina con detenimiento se encuentra que de ella no se derivan explicaciones acerca del surgimiento, de los factores que los perpetúan y de la forma en que desaparecen los delirios. En el presente artículo se discute dicha teoría y se señala que cada uno de los aspectos allí mencionados tiene notorios problemas conceptuales, empíricos y pragmáticos. Método: Dado que caracterizar los delirios es muy difícil, se deja de lado aquello de que los delirios son creencias acompañadas de convicción e incorregibilidad y se analizan los fenómenos psicológicos relacionados con el pensamiento, la memoria, la percepción y la emoción, con el fin de ver en cuáles de ellos es posible hablar, al menos, de algo parecido a esos dos rasgos. Conclusión: Sólo en las percepciones somáticas y las emociones se puede encontrar convicción e incorregibilidad, por cuanto no hay ninguna prueba ni argumento intersubjetivamente aceptados que lleve a quien las experimenta a admitir un error en su contenido o en su aspecto cualitativo. Las percepciones somáticas y las emociones funcionan como los delirios y se constituyen en buenas candidatas para ser postuladas como los elementos básicos en su conformación...

Introduction: The theory of delusions as false beliefs is predominant in psychiatry at least since 1950. It is the basis for the definition proposed in the DSM IV. When discussed in detail it is found that explanations about emergence, perpetuating factors, and the way delusions disappear do not derive from this theory. The present article discusses this theory and finds that every item mentioned has notorious conceptual, empirical and pragmatic problems. Method: Considering that characterizing delusions is very difficult, the idea that they are beliefs accompanied by conviction and incorrigibility is put aside and instead, psychological phenomena associated with thinking, memory, perception and emotion are analyzed in order to see which of them has anything to say about something at least similar to these two traits. Conclusion: Only in somatic perceptions and emotions can incorrigibility and conviction be found in the sense that there is no intersubjective accepted evidence or argument that leads to whom experienced them to admit an error in content or in their qualitative aspect. Somatic perceptions and emotions function as delusions and they constitute good candidates to be nominated as key elements in shaping them...