A systematic review of the literature on interpretation bias and its physiological correlates.

An important, yet under-explored area of interpretation bias research concerns the examination of potential physiological correlates and sequalae of this bias. Developing a better understanding of the physiological processes that underpin interpretation biases will extend current theoretical frameworks underlying interpretation bias, as well as optimise the efficacy of cognitive bias modification for interpretation (CBM-I) interventions aimed at improving symptoms of emotional disorders. To this end, systematic searches were conducted across the Web of Science, PsycInfo and Pubmed databases to identify physiological markers of interpretation bias. In addition, grey literature database searches were conducted to compliment peer-reviewed research and to counter publication bias. From a combined initial total of 898 records, 15 studies were included in qualitative synthesis (one of which was obtained from the grey literature). Eligible studies were assessed using a quality assessment tool adapted from the Quality Checklist for Healthcare Intervention Studies. The searches revealed seven psychophysiological correlates of interpretation bias, namely event-related potentials, heart rate and heart rate variability, respiratory sinus arrythmia, skin conductance response, pupillometry, and electromyography. The respective theoretical and practical implications of the research are discussed, followed by recommendations for future research.

Incidence, clinical features and perinatal outcome in anomalous fetuses with late-onset growth restriction: cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the incidence, clinical features and perinatal outcome of late-onset fetal growth restriction (FGR) associated with genetic syndrome or aneuploidy, structural malformation or congenital infection. METHODS: This was a retrospective multicenter cohort study of patients who attended one of four tertiary maternity hospitals in Italy. We included consecutive singleton pregnancies between 32 + 0 and 36 + 6 weeks' gestation with either fetal abdominal circumference (AC) or estimated fetal weight < 10th percentile for gestational age or a reduction in AC of > 50 percentiles from the measurement at an ultrasound scan performed between 18 and 32 weeks. The study group consisted of pregnancies with late-onset FGR and a genetic syndrome or aneuploidy, structural malformation or congenital infection (anomalous late-onset FGR). The presence of congenital anomalies was ascertained postnatally in neonates with abnormal findings on antenatal investigation or detected after birth. The control group consisted of pregnancies with structurally and genetically normal fetuses with late-onset FGR. Composite adverse perinatal outcome was defined as the presence of at least one of stillbirth, 5-min Apgar score < 7, admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), need for respiratory support at birth, neonatal jaundice and neonatal hypoglycemia. The primary aims of the study were to assess the incidence and clinical features of anomalous late-onset FGR, and to compare the perinatal outcome of such cases with that of fetuses with non-anomalous late-onset FGR. RESULTS: Overall, 1246 pregnancies complicated by late-onset FGR were included in the study, of which 120 (9.6%) were allocated to the anomalous late-onset FGR group. Of these, 11 (9.2%) had a genetic syndrome or aneuploidy, 105 (87.5%) had an isolated structural malformation, and four (3.3%) had a congenital infection. The most frequent structural defects associated with late-onset anomalous FGR were genitourinary malformations (28/105 (26.7%)) and limb malformation (21/105 (20.0%)). Compared with the non-anomalous late-onset FGR group, fetuses with anomalous late-onset FGR had an increased incidence of composite adverse perinatal outcome (35.9% vs 58.3%; P < 0.01). Newborns with anomalous, compared to those with non-anomalous, late-onset FGR showed a higher frequency of need for respiratory support at birth (25.8% vs 9.0%; P < 0.01), intubation (10.0% vs 1.1%; P < 0.01), NICU admission (43.3% vs 22.6%; P < 0.01) and longer hospital stay (median, 24 days (range, 4-250 days) vs 11 days (range, 2-59 days); P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Most pregnancies complicated by anomalous late-onset FGR have structural malformations rather than genetic abnormality or infection. Fetuses with anomalous late-onset FGR have an increased incidence of complications at birth and NICU admission and a longer hospital stay compared with fetuses with isolated late-onset FGR. © 2022 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Ultrasound prediction of adverse perinatal outcome at diagnosis of late-onset fetal growth restriction.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between Doppler and biometric ultrasound parameters measured at diagnosis and perinatal adverse outcome in a cohort of late-onset growth-restricted (FGR) fetuses. METHODS: This was a multicenter retrospective study of data obtained between 2014 and 2019 including non-anomalous singleton pregnancies complicated by late-onset FGR (≥ 32 weeks), which was defined either as abdominal circumference (AC) or estimated fetal weight (EFW) < 10th percentile for gestational age or as reduction of the longitudinal growth of AC by over 50 percentiles compared to ultrasound scan performed between 18 and 32 weeks of gestation. We evaluated the association between sonographic findings at diagnosis of FGR and composite adverse perinatal outcome (CAPO), defined as stillbirth or at least two of the following: obstetric intervention due to intrapartum fetal distress, neonatal acidemia, birth weight < 3rd percentile and transfer to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). RESULTS: Overall, 468 cases with complete biometric and umbilical, fetal middle cerebral and uterine artery (UtA) Doppler data were included, of which 53 (11.3%) had CAPO. On logistic regression analysis, only EFW percentile was associated independently with CAPO (P = 0.01) and NICU admission (P < 0.01), while the mean UtA pulsatility index (PI) multiples of the median (MoM) > 95th percentile at diagnosis was associated independently with obstetric intervention due to intrapartum fetal distress (P = 0.01). The model including baseline pregnancy characteristics and the EFW percentile was associated with an area under the receiver-operating-characteristics curve of 0.889 (95% CI, 0.813-0.966) for CAPO (P < 0.001). A cut-off value for EFW corresponding to the 3.95th percentile was found to discriminate between cases with and those without CAPO, yielding a sensitivity of 58.5% (95% CI, 44.1-71.9%), specificity of 69.6% (95% CI, 65.0-74.0%), positive predictive value of 19.8% (95% CI, 13.8-26.8%) and negative predictive value of 92.9% (95% CI, 89.5-95.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Retrospective data from a large cohort of late-onset FGR fetuses showed that EFW at diagnosis is the only sonographic parameter associated independently with the occurrence of CAPO, while mean UtA-PI MoM > 95th percentile at diagnosis is associated independently with intrapartum distress leading to obstetric intervention. © 2021 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Moderating effects of the valence of social interaction on the dysfunctional consequences of perseverative cognition: an ecological study in major depression and social anxiety disorder.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Major depression disorder (MDD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD) are characterized by the use of perseverative cognition (PC) as a dysfunctional coping strategy. We sought to investigate the dysfunctional physiological and psychological consequences of PC and how the valence of social interactions moderates such consequences in these psychopathological conditions. DESIGN/METHODS: The study combined 24-hour heart rate variability (HRV) and ecological momentary assessments in 48 individuals with MDD, SAD, and sex-matched controls. RESULTS: In all participants, PC was associated with mood worsening and reduced ability of the parasympathetic nervous system, mainly the vagus, to inhibit sympathetic arousal (i.e., reduced HRV). Individuals with SAD had the highest frequency of daily PC, while those with MDD reported that PC interfered more with their ongoing activities. In SAD, daily PC was associated with significantly lower HRV after negative social interactions. Individuals with MDD reported higher levels of sadness during PC irrespective of the valence of the preceding social interaction but higher levels of anxiety and efforts to inhibit PC following positive interactions. CONCLUSIONS: Results highlight the need to account for important moderators like the valence of social interaction when looking at the physiological consequences of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies.

Ferromagnetic Mn-doped Si0.3Ge0.7 nanodots self-assembled on Si(100).

Densely packed epitaxial Mn-doped Si(0.3)Ge(0.7) nanodots self-assembled on Si(100) have been obtained. Their structural properties were studied using reflection high-energy electron diffraction, energy dispersive x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, extended x-ray absorption fine structure measurements and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Mn(5)Ge(1)Si(2) crystallites embedded in Si(0.3)Ge(0.7) were found. They exhibit a ferromagnetic behaviour with a Curie temperature of about 225 K.

Effects of dipping and psychological traits on morning surge in blood pressure in healthy people.

Despite the role of anxiety, depression and hostility in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, their impact on two significant cardiovascular risk factors, nocturnal dipping and morning surge in blood pressure (MSBP), are largely ignored and primarily studied in clinical populations. This study examined the effects of dipping and psychological traits on MSBP in healthy people. Nocturnal dipping and MSBP were derived from 24-h ambulatory BP obtained in 77 men and 79 women, mean age 32.8 (s.d.: 7.4). Differences in depression, anxiety and hostility were examined by questionnaires. Higher levels of dipping (P<0.0001) and depressive symptoms (P=0.01) independently contributed to increased MSBP. Dipping interacts with depression (P=0.04), hostility (P=0.01) and anxiety (P=0.04) in determining MSBP. Low dippers with higher scores on the psychological traits showed higher MSBP than high dippers. A significant MSBP interaction was found between sex and depressive symptoms (P=0.05), anxiety (P<0.0001) and hostility (P=0.01) with higher scores associated with increased MSBP observed in males. Findings underscore depression as a predictor of MSBP independent of dipping. The clinically significant relationship between dipping and non-dipping patters, psychological traits and MSBP requires further investigation.

Interaction of atomic hydrogen with the beta-SiC(100) 3 x 2 surface and subsurface.

We investigate clean and atomic hydrogen exposed beta-SiC(100) 3 x 2 surfaces by synchrotron radiation-based Si 2p core-level photoemission spectroscopy. The clean 3 x 2 surface reconstruction exhibits three surface and subsurface components. Upon hydrogen exposures, those surface and subsurface components are shifted to lower binding energies by large values, indicating significant charge transfer to the surface and subsurface regions, in excellent agreement with the recently discovered H-induced beta-SiC(100) 3 x 2 surface metallization. In addition, the interaction of hydrogen results in a large reactive component at Si 2p supporting an asymmetric charge transfer in the third plane below the surface, in agreement with previous experimental investigations. However, the results are inconsistent with recent ab initio theoretical "frozen" calculations predicting H atom to be in a bridge-bond position.

[Intramuscular hemangioma. Report of a case]. / Emangioma intramuscolare. Riferimento di un caso.

A case of intramuscular hemangioma (large vessel type) occurring in an eighteen year old woman is described. Medical history reported a pulled muscle in the same region 5 years earlier. By needle biopsy was performed the diagnosis of hematoma evolved to sclerosis. Since pain persisted the neoplasia was removed. Intramuscular hemangioma is a benign neoplasia. Recurrences are always due to incomplete excision. Angiosarcomas and liposarcomas are the two tumors to be differentiated from hemangiomas of skeletal muscle. The relative paucity of cases combined with widespread histological pictures make the diagnosis very difficult.

Effectiveness of nonsurgical treatment for idiopathic scoliosis. Overview of available evidence.

To define further the effectiveness of nonsurgical therapy for idiopathic scoliosis, predefined criteria were established for selection and data retrieval from studies of therapy and natural history, and the results were synthesized quantitatively. Only studies of patients with no more than a 50 degree Cobb angle scoliosis were considered. Twenty-four reports were eligible. There was a fivefold proportion of failures among patients with scoliosis greater than 30 degrees at the start of therapy but no difference in progression between different kinds of nonsurgical therapies or between treated and untreated patients; these were the main findings of this quantitative analysis. These data cannot be used to prove the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of nonsurgical therapy for idiopathic scoliosis, and experimental controlled studies of different therapies seem to be justified both on ethical and scientific grounds. The findings of this overview can be used for their planning.

[Our experience in treating femoral neck fractures. Comments on cases treated from 1972 to 1984. A clinico-statistical study]. / La nostra esperienza sul trattamento delle fratture del collo di femore. Considerazioni sui casi trattati dal 1972 al 1984. Indagine clinico-statistica.

The Authors report the clinico-statistic results concerning 550 cases of femur neck fractures, representing the casuistry of 12 years' activity developed by the Ortopedico-Traumatological Department of the Hospital Institutes of the Association of the Bergamo Lowland Communes, USSL nr. 32 (from 1972 up to 1984). After considering the main etiologic factors of this injury, the Authors study the surgical techniques adopted, discuss the indications, state the results obtained, and do some remarks about the patients' functional and social recovery. The Authors emphasize the importance of an early and valid osteosynthesis allowing a quicker functional recovery, a reduction in the times of stay in bed and an extension in the average survival of such patients.

[Fractures of the proximal end of the femur: clinico-statistical data on 246 cases treated in the period 1972-1978]. / Fratture dell'estremo prossimale del femore: dati clinico-statistici su 246 casi trattati nel periodo 1972-1978.

During the past seven years an increasing number of hip fractures were treated in the new orthopaedic division of the Treviglio-Caravaggio Hospital. A survey was made of 246 cases treated in the 1972-1978 period. The mean age of the patients was found to be 69,9 years, and 64,6 % of them were women. Lateral fractures accounted for 66,6% of the cases and the mean age of these patients was 78 years. The average hospitalization time of the operated patients was 21,6 days and the mortality after 3 months was 16%. The Authors emphasize that the extensive adoption of surgical treatment in these fractures has improved the survival rate and shortened the hospitalization time.