Axonal quantification of the white matter association fasciculi in cerebral hemispheres of cow (Bos taurus), pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) and rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

BACKGROUND: Cerebral white matter consists mainly of axons surrounded by myelin sheaths, which are grouped to form association, commissural, and projection fasciculi. The aim of our work was to quantify and compare under the microscope the axons of the white matter association fasciculi in the cerebral hemispheres of cow (Bos taurus), pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) and rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) indirectly by identification of their myelin sheaths. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The samples were taken from 30 cerebral hemispheres: 10 cow, 10 pig and 10 rabbit (15 right and 15 left). They were obtained following a protocol based on the Talairach-Tournoux coordinate system for human and primate brains. The slides were stained with Luxol Fast Blue, observed by optical microscopy, and photographed at 600×. Samples were also prepared for observation in scanning transmission electron microscopy with osmium tetroxide. The myelin sheaths/axons were counted with the ImageJ software. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences in the number of myelin sheaths per 410 µm² were found in the inferior and superior longitudinal fasciculi between the left and right hemispheres of cows, with predominance of the right hemisphere; and in the inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus of the rabbit with predominance of the left hemisphere. CONCLUSIONS: The use of animal models for experiments in the cerebral fasciculi, especially pig, could give us a greater understanding of the behaviour of demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases in humans.

Infrequent disposition of the first metacarpal artery related to anastomoses of the superficial and deep systems of the hand.

There is an infrequent disposition of the first metacarpal artery which results in an anastomosis with the common palmar digital artery of the second space, forming an anastomotic system between the deep radial system and the superficial ulnar system. The radial system in turn, through the first dorsal interosseous artery, anastomoses with a collateral of the common palmar digital artery of the second space, ending as the ulnar palmar digital artery of the thumb and establishing a second anastomotic system. A third anastomosis is established in one case, between the common palmar digital artery of the fourth space and the fourth metacarpal artery. To this may be added the classic anastomosis between the superficial branch of the ulnar artery and the deep branch of the radial artery, i.e. the deep palmar arch.

Unusual ending of the second dorsal metacarpal artery as proper palmar digital arteries.

BACKGROUND: The proper palmar digital arteries arise infrequently from dorsal metacarpal arteries. This work reports the second dorsal metacarpal artery unusual ending and a vascular variation related to the superficial palmar arch. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fresh human upper limbs routine dissection, from a male cadaver, injected with coloured elastomeric material, immersed in 10% formalin. RESULTS: The second dorsal metacarpal artery presented terminal branches, the index finger medial proper digital palmar artery and the middle finger lateral proper digital palmar artery. At the division point of both terminal branches, the second dorsal metacarpal artery anastomoses with a thin forth common digital palmar artery. CONCLUSIONS: The value of this knowledge about the infrequent vascular dispo-sition lies in vascularised flaps design using the second dorsal metacarpal artery. (Folia Morphol 2018; 77, 2: 393-396).

Injection in temporomandibular joint of rats. Description of technical protocol.

The development of animal models for research has been very diffused. Osteoarthritis is a joint degenerative pathology that induces cartilage erosion, chondrocyte proliferation and osteophyte formation. The aim of this paper is to present a technical procedure to perform the injection of monosodium iodine acetate in the temporomandibular joints of rats to generate osteoarthritis and to contribute to future research analysis related to pathology progression and proper treatment performance. The use of rat models may be a complex process because of their size, but they can be compared to the human temporomandibular joint due to the similar characteristics and the possibility of performing diagnosis and treatment protocols in order to detect this pathology.

Caracterización de los componentes óseos de la articulación temporomandibular: una revisión de la literatura / Characterization of bone components of the temporomandibular joint: a literature review

La articulación temporomandibular (ATM) es una articulación sinovial bilateral de tipo ginglimo-artroidal que anatómicamente está conformada por el cóndilo mandibular, fosa mandibular y tubérculo articular. Es necesario tener un acabado conocimiento de la anatomía de la ATM para una correcta comprensión de su funcionamiento. La descripción anatómica de las estructuras óseas presente en la literatura científica, y que componen la ATM, no es del todo exacta, con diversas diferencias sobre la delimitación del cóndilo mandibular, las fisuras presentes en la fosa mandibular y las superficies articulares de la fosa mandibular y tubérculo articular, así como una amplia variabilidad de términos para referirse a cada estructura anatómica. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de textos y artículos científicos sobre la descripción anatómica de los componentes óseos de la ATM y los términos para referirse a ellos, comparándolos con los términos establecidos por la Terminología Anatómica Internacional.

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a ginglymus-arthrodial bilateral synovial joint, anatomically composed by the mandibular condyle, mandibular fossa and articular tubercle. It is necessary to have a perfect knowledge of the anatomy of the TMJ for a proper understanding of its function. The anatomical description of bony structures of the TMJ present in the scientific literature is not entirely accurate, with several differences on the delimitation of the mandibular condyle, the limits of the articular surfaces, the fissures present in the mandibular fossa. In addition, there is a wide variability of terms for each anatomical structure. A review of textbooks and scientific articles was performed, about the anatomical description of the bony components of the TMJ and terms to refer to them, compared with the terms established by the Anatomical Terminology.

Válvula nasal interna y rinoplastia estética / Internal nasal valve and aesthetic rhinoplasty

Se distingue en las fosas nasales la presencia de un estrecho o válvula y, de ella, se investiga específi camente su porción anterior conocida en la Especialidad de Cirugía Plástica como válvula nasal interna (VNI). Las características, disposición y relaciones de sus distintos componentes son analizados en esta presentación, puntualizando específi camente el singular comportamiento del mucoepitelio valvular con respecto a los cartílagos triangulares y cuadrangular. Se advierte sobre la posibilidad de complicaciones posoperatorias en el caso de indebido trato valvular. Se adjuntan preparados y sus correspondientes dibujos con el propósito de facilitar la comprensión de los hechos observados

Stands out the presence of a strait or valve in the nostrils, and about it, it's specifi cally investigated it's anterior portion known in the fi eld as internal nasal valve (INV). Characteristics, provision and relations of its individual components are discussed in this presentation, specifi cally pointing out the ubique behavior of the valvular mucosal epithelium in connection with the triangular and quadrangular cartilage. It warns out the possibility of post operative complications in case of improper valvular treatment. Attached preparations and their corresponding drawings in orden te facilitate the understanding of the observed facts.

A rare muscle anomaly: the supraclavicularis proprius muscle.

In the Dissection Team of the Second Chair of Anatomy at the School of Medicine of the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina, during the routine dissection of 78 cadavers (corresponding to 156 supraclavicular fossae),10% formalin fixed, we found the supraclavicularis proprius muscle over the lower part of the left supraclavicular fossa in an adult Caucasian male cadaver. We described this rare muscular anomaly, the likelihood of finding this muscle, and its participation in supraclavicular nerve entrapment syndrome.

The morphology and clinical importance of the axillary arch.

The axillary arch is the main variation of the axillary muscle. It was first described by Ramsay in 1795. In its classical form, it arises from the latissimus dorsi muscle and extends from this towards the pectoralis major, crossing the base of the axilla and creating a close relationship with the elements of the axillary neurovascular bundle. We describe the finding of 9 axillary arches, including one case of a bilateral arrangement. We develop a searching and finding technique for the axillary arch, essential for the safe and successful development of surgical procedures in the axillary region. Knowledge of this muscle variation and the possibility of finding it during axillary procedures is crucial for lymph node staging and lymphadenectomy and is also important for differential diagnosis in compressive pathologies of the axillary vessels and brachial plexus.