Examining water quality effects of riparian wetland loss and restoration scenarios in a southern ontario watershed.

Wetland conservation has two important tasks: The first is to halt wetland loss and the second is to conduct wetland restoration. In order to facilitate these tasks, it is important to understand the environmental degradation from wetland loss and the environmental benefits from wetland restoration. The purpose of the study is to develop SWAT based wetland modelling to examine water quality effects of riparian wetland loss and restoration scenarios in the 323-km(2) Black River watershed in southern Ontario, Canada. The SWAT based wetland modelling was set up, calibrated and validated to fit into watershed conditions. The modelling was then applied to evaluate various scenarios of wetland loss from existing 7590 ha of riparian wetlands (baseline scenario) to 100% loss, and wetland restoration up to the year 1800 condition with 11,237 ha of riparian wetlands (100% restoration). The modelling was further applied to examine 100% riparian wetland loss and restoration in three subareas of the watershed to understand spatial pattern of water quality effects. Modelling results show that in comparing to baseline condition, the sediment, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) loadings increase by 251.0%, 260.5%, and 890.9% respectively for 100% riparian wetland loss, and decrease by 34.5%, 28.3%, and 37.0% respectively for 100% riparian wetland restoration. Modelling results also show that as riparian wetland loss increases, the corresponding environmental degradation worsens at accelerated rates. In contrast, as riparian wetland restoration increases, the environmental benefits improve but at decelerated rates. Particularly, the water quality effects of riparian wetland loss or restoration show considerable spatial variations. The watershed wetland modelling contributes to inform decisions on riparian wetland conservation or restoration at different rates. The results further demonstrate the importance of targeting priority areas for stopping riparian wetland loss and initiating riparian wetland restoration based on scientific understanding of watershed wetland effects.

Coupling geostatistical approaches with PCA and fuzzy optimal model (FOM) for the integrated assessment of sampling locations of water quality monitoring networks (WQMNs).

The assessment of the adequacy of sampling locations is an important aspect in the validation of an effective and efficient water quality monitoring network. Two geostatistical approaches (e.g., kriging and Moran's I) are presented to assess multiple sampling locations. A flexible and comprehensive framework was developed for the selection of multiple sampling locations of multiple variables which was accomplished by coupling geostatistical approaches with principal component analysis (PCA) and fuzzy optimal model (FOM). The FOM was used in the integrated assessment of both multiple principal components and multiple geostatistical approaches. These integrated methods were successfully applied to the assessment of two independent water quality monitoring networks (WQMNs) of Lake Winnipeg, Canada, which respectively included 14 and 30 stations from 2006 to 2010.

[N,N,N',N'-Tetra-kis(benzimidazol-2-ylmeth-yl)cyclo-hexane-1,2-trans-diamine]-iron(II) bis-(perchlorate) methanol solvate.

In the title compound, [Fe(C(38)H(38)N(10))](ClO(4))(2)·CH(3)OH, the Fe(II) atom has a distorted octa-hedral coordination environment with four benzimidazol N atoms and two amino N atoms from an N,N,N',N'-tetra-kis-(benzimidazol-2-ylmeth-yl)cyclo-hexane-1,2-trans-diamine ligand. The uncoordinated solvent methanol mol-ecule is hydrogen bonded to an O atom of a perchlorate anion. One of the perchlorate anions is disordered over two sets of sites with occupancy factors of 0.539 (14) and 0.461 (14). N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, as well as π-π stacking inter-actions between the imidazol rings and between the imidazol and benzene rings [centroid-centroid distances = 3.714 (2) and 3.705 (2) Å] give rise to a three-dimensional network.

Non-heme iron(II/III) complexes that model the reactivity of lipoxygenase with a redox switch.

Three ferrous/ferric complexes of a N6 hexadentate ligand, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-benzimidazolyl-methyl)ortho-diamine-trans-cyclohexane (ctb), [Fe(II)(ctb)](ClO(4))(2).EtOH (), [Fe(III)(OEt)(Hctb)](ClO(4))(3).EtOH (), and [Fe(III)(OMe)(Hctb)](ClO(4))(3).3MeOH.4.5H(2)O (), were synthesized and characterized as models of lipoxygenase. The lipoxygenase activities of the complexes were checked and the results indicate that ferrous complex is inactive while ferric alkoxide complexes and show catalytic activity via the hydrogen atom abstraction reaction mechanism.