[Pulmonary artery denervation in pulmonary hypertension: physiological and clinical aspects]. / Denervatsiia legochnoi arterii pri legochnoi gipertenzii: fiziologicheskie i klinicheskie aspekty.

This article is a review of the findings of experimental and clinical studies of a new method of treatment of pulmonary hypertension - pulmonary artery denervation with the help of radiofrequency ablation, cryodenervation and ultrasonic impact. Pulmonary artery denervation results in decreased neurogenic tonic sympathetic and, probably, increased parasympathetic effects on pulmonary vessels. On models of experimental monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in various-species animals, it was determined that pulmonary artery denervation is followed by decreased activity of local pulmonary renin-angiotensin system, slowed processes of remodeling of pulmonary vessels, hypertrophy and fibrosis of the right ventricle, with inhibition of progression of pulmonary hypertension by means of suppression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) which regulates differentiation, proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells. However, the problem of the pattern of pulmonary microcirculation changes (pre- and postcapillary resistance, capillary filtration coefficient) after pulmonary artery denervation warrants further study. The findings of clinical studies in patients with pulmonary hypertension suggest that pulmonary artery denervation inducing a decrease of pressure therein, as well as pulmonary vessel resistance did not lead to normalization of pulmonary haemodynamics.The mentioned impact partially removes the neurogenic component of multicircuit and multifactorial regulation of pulmonary circulation. Therefore, along with pulmonary artery denervation, further search for pharmacological agents selectively influencing pulmonary vessels remains a problem of current importance.

First Measurement of a Long-Lived π

The adapted DIRAC experiment at the CERN PS accelerator observed for the first time long-lived hydrogenlike π^{+}π^{-} atoms, produced by protons hitting a beryllium target. A part of these atoms crossed the gap of 96 mm between the target and a 2.1 µm thick platinum foil, in which most of them dissociated. Analyzing the observed number of atomic pairs, n_{A}^{L}=436_{-61}^{+157}|_{tot}, the lifetime of the 2p state is found to be τ_{2p}=(0.45_{-0.30}^{+1.08}|_{tot})×10^{-11} s, not contradicting the corresponding QED 2p state lifetime τ_{2p}^{QED}=1.17×10^{-11} s. This lifetime value is three orders of magnitude larger than our previously measured value of the π^{+}π^{-} atom ground state lifetime τ=(3.15_{-0.26}^{+0.28}|_{tot})×10^{-15} s. Further studies of long-lived π^{+}π^{-} atoms will allow us to measure energy differences between p and s atomic states and so to discriminate between the isoscalar and isotensor ππ scattering lengths with the aim to check QCD predictions.

[MECHANISMS OF GASTRODUODENAL DYSMOTILITY UNDER STRESS].

Psychogenic stress in rabbits caused dysmotility of the gastroduodenal zone: inhibition of contractile activity (CA) in antral and pyloric parts of the stomach simultaneously with the increase of CA in proximal and distal parts of duodenum. Stress induced inhibition of the gastric contractile activity is substantially "non-adrenergic non-cholinergic" and only in the initial phase of the reaction it appears to be "α-adrenergic". The strengthening of CA in the proximal duodenum resulted from the direct exciting action of endocrine stress factor on the smooth muscle of the gut. The strengthening of the CA in the distal duodenum is a result of the endocrine action of catecholamines on stimulating ß-adrenergic receptors of enteric cho linergic neurons. Stress induced dyscoordination of the gastroduodenal motility can cause duodenogastric reflux and as a consequence, erosive damage of the gastric mucosa.

Changes in contractile activity of rabbit colon under stress conditions and during post-stress period before and after blockade of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

Psychogenic stress in rabbits induced by fixation of the animal to a frame was accompanied by an increase in contractile activity of the initial portion of the distal colon, which was abolished by blockade of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Increased contractile activity of the colon was due to centrogenic stimulation of preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system followed by the involvement of the effector cholinergic neurons of the enteric nervous system into excitation.

[The double-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy].

The modern laparoscopic surgery trents the minimization of the access, which led to the workout of the novel surgical access for the laparoscopic cholecystectomy using only two ports. The advantages of the access, empowered by the positive authors' experience is cited.

[Symptoms of circadian desynchronization in patients with multiple sclerosis].

Circadian rhythm of sleep-wakefulness and evacuation function of intestines, symptoms of neuropsychic adaptation were investigated in 36 patients, aged 21-53 years, with multiple sclerosis (MS). Frequencies of circadian rhythm disturbances of brain activity (insomnia in 66% of patients) and circadian rhythm disturbances of intestine evacuation (constipation in 72% of patients) were revealed. Insomnia and irritability in MS patients with bradyenteria occur 1.5 times more frequent than in patients with normal regulative activity of the bowels. The risk of anxiety and depression in MS patients with bradyenteria was 2-3 times higher than in patients with euenteria. The suitability of normalization of circadian desynchronization of MS patients by the restoration of optimal acrophases of circadian rhythms of the brain and bowels is established.

[The features of bulbo-spinal serotoninergic reaction in the young rats under the condition of acute somatic paiN].

Postnatal changes of background and stress-induced (by electric skin nociceptive irritation) concentrations of serotonin (S) and 5-oxyindolacetic acid (5-OIAA)in medulla oblongata and in spinal marrow was investigated using the male white rats (2-4, 17-18 and 30-35 days old). In the intact rats of these three groups the differences of S concentration in medulla oblongata were not revealed. S concentration in spinal marrow and 5-OIAA concentrations in both structures were changed in phase: decreased during vision-appearing period and increased during 1 month age. Rats of three groups showed the following reactions to the pain: 2-4 day rats - increase of spinal pool of S and 5-OIAA and decrease of 5-OIAA fraction in medulla oblongata; 17-18 day rats - hypo-S-shift in both structures, decrease 5-OIAA in spinal marrow and its increase in medulla oblongata; 30-35 day rats - pronounced reduction of both S and 5-OIAA at a bulbo-spinal level. Mechanisms of revealed postnatal changes of S metabolism in CNS and their role in age features of pain sensitivity formation in early ontogenesis were discussed.

[Changes of contractile activity of the colon under psychogenic stress before and after blockade of M- and N-cholinergic and beta-adrenoceptors].

In experiments on conscious rabbits, myoelectric activity (contractile activity index) was recorded in 2 sites of proximal and in 2 sites of distal part of the colon under psychogenic stress induced by firm fastening of the animal to a frame in supine position. Stressor impact caused decrease of the contractile activity in proximal and distal parts of the colon, due to "alpha-adrenergic" (in initial stage of stress reaction) and "nonadrenergic noncholinergic" inhibition. Stress-induced increase of the contractile activity of the colon was limited to the initial segment of its distal part, and was due to centrogenic stimulation of the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system and effector cholinergic neurons of the enteric nervous system.

Changes in contractile activity of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum under conditions of psychogenic stress in rabbits.

Psychogenic stress in rabbits caused by fixation of the animal to a frame was accompanied by an increase in duodenal contractile activity. In the jejunum, initial inhibition of motor activity gave way to activation more pronounced in the proximal part. In both parts of the ileum, inhibition of contractile activity was noted. A proximodistal gradient of the excitatory and inhibitory effects on the motility of the small intestine was demonstrated.

[Interrelation of hemodynamic changes in systemic and pulmonary circulation under experimental myocardial ischemia in cats].

Myocardial ischemia caused inhibition of myocardial contractility, increased pressure in the left atrium, reduced cardiac output and reduced systemic blood pressure. The decrease in cardiac output is due to a combination of the myocardial contractility reduction and that of the outflow of blood from the pulmonary vascular bed. Hemodynamic changes in the arterial part of the systemic circulation are accompanied by shifts in its venous part: reduced blood flow in the anterior and posterior caval veins and a decrease in venous return. The determining factor for reducing the flow of venous blood to the heart during myocardial ischemia is a decrease in cardiac output. Myocardial ischemia of the left ventricle is accompanied by a decrease in pressure and blood flow in the pulmonary artery. The data obtained suggest that the degree of reduction of these indicators of pulmonary hemodynamics depends on the elevated pressure in the left atrium resulting from reduction of the left ventricle contractility. The degree of hemodynamic disorders in systemic and pulmonary circulation in myocardial ischemia depends not only on the size of the zone of myocardial ischemia of the left ventricle, but also on the duration of cessation of its blood supply. We suggest that the time factor is a decisive one with respect to severity of hemodynamic disorders occurring only at a certain, critical, size of the zone of myocardial ischemia.

[Modeling of the polycystic ovary syndrome].

The objective of the study was to create a model of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) developing in puberty. 17beta-estradiol 1.5 mg as gel was once applied to the preshaved abdominal skin of 15 female Wistar rats aged 30 days weighing 30-35 g, who had no regular 4-day estrous cycles. Then the animals were fixed for 10-15 minutes until the agent was completely absorbed. For a month, the animals were daily immobilized for 15 minutes. After achieving their sexual maturity, the animals were slaughtered and their ovarian tissue was sampled for histological analysis. The performed study revealed that all 15 (100%) animals had characteristic morphological changes suggesting the development of the polycystic ovary syndrome.

Magic wavelength to make optical lattice clocks insensitive to atomic motion.

In a standing wave of light, a difference in spatial distributions of multipolar atom-field interactions may introduce atomic-motion dependent clock uncertainties in optical lattice clocks. We show that the magic wavelength can be defined so as to eliminate the spatial mismatch in electric dipole, magnetic dipole, and electric quadrupole interactions for specific combinations of standing waves by allowing a spatially constant light shift arising from the latter two interactions. Experimental prospects of such lattices used with a blue magic wavelength are discussed.

[Mechanism of inhibition of the contractile activity in the jejunum and ileum under psychogenic stress in rabbits].

In chronic experiments on rabbits, myoelectric activity (contractile activity index) in proximal and distal part of the jejunum and proximal part of the ileum was studied under psychogenic stress caused by rigid fastening of the rabbit to table in supine position. Inhibition of contractile activity in the proximal and distal parts of thejejunum in the 1st phase of the stressor response manifested on the background of blockade of presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptor with yohimbin, nonselective blockade of alpha-adrenoceptor with dihydroergotoxin, or blockade of beta 1/beta 2-adrenoceptor with propranolol. Conclusion is made that the stressor inhibition of contractile activity in the proximal and distal parts of the jejunum was not "adrenergic cholinergic" or "adrenergic" in origin. The contractile activity inhibition of the jejunum was actualized with the contribution of "nonadrenergic noncholinergic" inhibitory mechanism and mediated via nonadrenergic inhibitory neurons of the enteric nervous system. Depression of the contractile activity in the proximal part of ileum being preserved after blockade of presynaptic "alpha 2-adrenoceptor" or blockade of beta 1/beta 2-adrenoceptor, was not "adrenergic cholinergic" or "beta-adrenergic". Nonselective blockade of alpha-adrenoceptor resulted in diminished stressor inhibition of the contractile activity in the proximal part of ileum. The data obtained suggest that the stressor inhibition of the contractile activity in the proximal part of ileum was caused by "nonadrenergic noncholinergic" inhibitory mechanism with participation of the "alpha-adrenergic" inhibition. The "nonadrenergic noncholinergic" inhibition of the contractile activity in the jejunum and ileum might result from activation of enteric inhibitory neurons with a stressor factor of hormonal nature.

Prospects for optical clocks with a blue-detuned lattice.

We investigated the properties of optical lattice clocks operated with a repulsive light-shift potential. The magic wavelength, where light-shift perturbation for the clock transition cancels, was experimentally determined to be 389.889(9) nm for 87Sr. The hyperpolarizability effects on the clock transition were investigated theoretically. With minimal trapping field perturbation provided by the blue-detuned lattice, the fractional uncertainty due to the hyperpolarizability effects was found to be 2x10;{-19} in the relevant clock transition.

Frequency shifts in an optical lattice clock due to magnetic-dipole and electric-quadrupole transitions.

We report a hitherto undiscovered frequency shift for forbidden J = 0-->J = 0 clock transitions excited in atoms confined to an optical lattice. These shifts result from magnetic-dipole and electric-quadrupole transitions, which have a spatial dependence in an optical lattice that differs from that of the stronger electric-dipole transitions. In combination with the residual translational motion of atoms in an optical lattice, this spatial mismatch leads to a frequency shift via differential energy level spacing in the lattice wells for ground state and excited state atoms. We estimate that this effect could lead to fractional frequency shifts as large as 10(-16), which might prevent lattice-based optical clocks from reaching their predicted performance levels. Moreover, these effects could shift the magic wavelength in lattice clocks in three dimensions by as much as 100 MHz, depending on the lattice configuration.

[Mechanism of strengthening of the contractile activity in the duodenum and in the jejunum in psychogenic stress in rabbits].

In experiments on unanaesthetized rabbits myoelectric activity (contractile activity index) of proximal (postpyloric) and distal sites of duodenum, and proximal part of jejunum was studied under stress induced by fastening a rabbit to a table in supine position. In both sites of duodenum, the stress impact induced a short-time decrease of contractile activity which was followed by its increase that exceeded the initial level. In the proximal part ofjejunum, the increase of contractile activity took place only during the second part of stress response. The strengthening of the contractile activity of the proximal part of duodenum was preserved after muscarinic or nicotinic cholinoceptor blockage, and after beta-receptor blockage. It was concluded that the contractile response of the proximal part of duodenum did not result from the contribution of central or local neurogenic mechanism, including excitatory cholinergic one, but was humoral in origin. The strengthening of the contractile activity of the distal part of duodenum and proximal part ofjejunum was abolished by muscarinic cholinoceptor and beta-receptor blockage, and resulted from the action of circulating catecholamines on the excitatory beta-adrenoceptor, localized on the cholinergic neurones of the enteric nervous system.

Trapping of neutral mercury atoms and prospects for optical lattice clocks.

We report vapor-cell magneto-optical trapping of Hg isotopes on the (1)S(0)-(3)P(1) intercombination transition. Six abundant isotopes, including four bosons and two fermions, were trapped. Hg is the heaviest nonradioactive atom trapped so far, which enables sensitive atomic searches for "new physics" beyond the standard model. We propose an accurate optical lattice clock based on Hg and evaluate its systematic accuracy to be better than 10;{-18}. Highly accurate and stable Hg-based clocks will provide a new avenue for the research of optical lattice clocks and the time variation of the fine-structure constant.

[On the mechanism of gastroduodenal motility inhibition under psychogenic stress in rabbits].

In experiments on unanaesthetized rabbits, myoelectric activity (contractile activity index) in antral and pyloric parts of the stomach and in two sites of proximal duodenum was studied under stress induced by fastening rabbit to a table in supine position. The stressor impact induced inhibition of contractile activity in antrum and pylorus. The duodenal contractile activity after initial complete suppression overshot its initial level. Blockade of beta1/beta2-adrenoceptor with propranolol and blockade of alpha2-adrenoceptor with yohimbine did not influence qualitatively the pattern of the stressor responses of antrum and pylorus, and of the postpyloric part of duodenum. In conditions of unselective blockade of alpha-adrenoceptor with dihydroergotoxin there was no initial complete inhibition of duodenal contractile activity, and its strengthening was more expressed than in the control experiments. The received data indicate that the stressor inhibition of antral and pyloric contractile activity possibly results from activation of non-adrenergic inhibitory neurons of the enteric nervous system. The initial short-term suppression of duodenal motility resulted from its "adrenergic" inhibition which can also be a factor limiting the manifestation of stimulating effect of the humoral agent on the duodenal motility. In the period after release of the animal, index of antral and pyloric contractile activity did not significantly differ from its initial level; after beta1/beta2-adrenoceptor blockade in antral and after alpha2-adrenoceptor blockade or nonselective alpha-blockade in antral and pyloric parts of the stomach, there was decrease of contractile activity compared with its initial level; after alpha2- or beta1/beta2-adrenoceptor blockade there was no poststressor exceeding of the initial level of the duodenal contractile activity, observed in the control experiments.

[The clinical picture and outcomes of myocardial infarction which developed in a multifield hospital].

The aim of the investigation was to study most frequent clinical variants of myocardial infarction (MI) onset at a multifield hospital, as well as some features of its course and outcomes in patients undergoing treatment at different departments. The study found that the onset of intrahospital MI was often atypical, and that atypical onset was most frequent in cases of myocardial necrosis in patients undergoing treatment in surgical and therapeutic departments. The clinical picture, ECG data, and outcomes were analyzed in patients with MI whose onset took place at different hospital departments. The study revealed that the course of atypical variants of intrahospital MI, especially in surgical and therapeutic noncardiological patients, was more severe than in patients of cardiological departments.