Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in horse sera in Iran.

Coxiella burnetii is a zoonotic bacterium that can infect a wide range of animals including horses. However, its circulation dynamics in and through horses are still unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate prevalence of C. burnetii and its genomic characteristics in horse sera samples in the North of Iran (Golestan Province). The samples were collected in 2018 and the age, sex, and breed of each animal were recorded. Nested-PCR was used to detect C. burnetii based on the presence of the transposable gene IS1111. The results showed that 7.50 % (P < 0.05; 95 % CI: 0.5 %-0.12 %) of the examined sera samples were positive for C. burnetii. Based on the resuls, prevalence of C. burnetii in the age groupof < Years 1-5 (p-value <0.05, 95 % CI: 1 %-8 %) was less than the age group of >6 years old (p-value <0.05, 95 %, CI: 7 %-19.8 %). In previous studies, it was concluded that the horses' population in Golestan Province should be considered as an important factor in the epidemiology of Q fever and consequently in public health. Further studies should be implemented to evaluate if horses may be relevant indicators of zoonotic risk in urban and suburban endemic areas.

Prevalence of C. burnetii DNA in sheep and goats milk in the northwest of Iran.

Q fever is a common zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. The causative agent of Q fever is Coxiella burnetii, a gram-negative and polymorphic rod bacterium. Sheep and goats are the primary reservoirs of this disease, although a variety of animal species can be infected. The main route of Q fever transmission from animals to humans is the inhalation of contaminated aerosols with C. burnetii. The bacterium is excreted in milk of infected animals and therefore; the consumption of unpasteurized milk and dairy products might be a route of coxiella burnetii transmission from animals to humans. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of C. burnetii in milk samples collected from sheep and goats in west Azerbaijan province, Iran. During 2018, a total number of 420 milk samples were collected from sheep (n = 210) and goats (n = 210) of different regions of the province. All milk samples were subjected to DNA extraction and examined by a highly and specific nested-PCR method. The results showed that 51 (12.1%) (95% CI: 9.3%-15.6%) examined samples [sheep; n = 16 (7.6%) and goat; n = 35 (16.6%)] were positive for C. burnetii. The prevalence of C. burnetii in goat milk samples was significantly higher than sheep milk samples (P < 0.05). The shedding of C. burnetii in milk was significantly higher in summer (25%) (P < 0.05, 95% CI: 17.7%-34%) than the other seasons. It was concluded that sheep and goat populations in west Azerbaijan play an important role in the epidemiology of Q fever.

Alternaria alternata acts on human Monocyte-derived Dendritic cells to mediate Th2/Th17 polarisation

INTRODUCTION: Although the mechanism of asthma is not precisely understood in humans, clinical and epidemiological studies have offered a potential relationship between exposure to environmental fungi, such as Alternaria alternata (A. alternata) and the development and exacerbation of asthma. The aim of this project is to investigate the mechanisms of Th2 responses by A. alternata as a clinically relevant model for the environmental exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plastic adherent monocytes were cultured with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) to convert these cells into Monocyte-derived Dendritic cells (MoDc) and then matured in the presence of Monocyte-Conditioned Medium (MCM) as the control group and MCM+ A. alternata extract as the inductive groups. RESULTS: The results indicated that the expression of CD14 decreased and CD83 and anti-human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) increased in the inductive groups in comparison with the control group. More importantly, A. alternata inhibited IL-12 production by activated dendritic cells (DCs), and the DCs exposed to A. alternata enhanced the Th2 polarisation of CD4+ T cells. The production amount of IL-10 overcame IL-12 as well as Il-23 increased significantly, and hand in T cells the production of cytokines Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) decreased. However, both IL-17 and IL-4 increased (p < 0.05). Phagocytic activity in the inductive groups decreased significantly compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: The asthma-related environmental fungus A. alternata, with an effect on dendritic cells profile mediates TH2/TH17. Such immunodysregulation properties of causative environmental fungi may explain their strong relationship with human asthma and allergic diseases

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Alternaria alternata acts on human Monocyte-derived Dendritic cells to mediate Th2/Th17 polarisation.

INTRODUCTION: Although the mechanism of asthma is not precisely understood in humans, clinical and epidemiological studies have offered a potential relationship between exposure to environmental fungi, such as Alternaria alternata (A. alternata) and the development and exacerbation of asthma. The aim of this project is to investigate the mechanisms of Th2 responses by A. alternata as a clinically relevant model for the environmental exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plastic adherent monocytes were cultured with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) to convert these cells into Monocyte-derived Dendritic cells (MoDc) and then matured in the presence of Monocyte-Conditioned Medium (MCM) as the control group and MCM+ A. alternata extract as the inductive groups. RESULTS: The results indicated that the expression of CD14 decreased and CD83 and anti-human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) increased in the inductive groups in comparison with the control group. More importantly, A. alternata inhibited IL-12 production by activated dendritic cells (DCs), and the DCs exposed to A. alternata enhanced the Th2 polarisation of CD4+ T cells. The production amount of IL-10 overcame IL-12 as well as Il-23 increased significantly, and hand in T cells the production of cytokines Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) decreased. However, both IL-17 and IL-4 increased (p<0.05). Phagocytic activity in the inductive groups decreased significantly compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: The asthma-related environmental fungus A. alternata, with an effect on dendritic cells profile mediates TH2/TH17. Such immunodysregulation properties of causative environmental fungi may explain their strong relationship with human asthma and allergic diseases.