Recurrent proliferating trichilemmal tumor of the vulva: a case report.

Proliferating trichilemmal tumor (PTT) is a rare but morphologically distinct tumor that usually arises on the scalp of elderly women. It is composed of multiple cysts consisting of squamous epithelium with trichilemmal keratinization without granular layer interposition. Vulvar proliferating trichilemmal cyst is very rare, with, to the best of our knowledge, only 3 cases previously reported in the literature. We describe a 39-year-old woman with recurrent PTT on the left labium majus of the vulva, which had been excised from the same side 5 years before. She had a palpable nodule, approximately 2 cm in size, which was firm, mobile, and nontender; without erythema and ulceration; and covered by normal skin on the vulva. There was no inguinal lymphadenopathy. The lesion was removed by wide surgical excision; because of the tissue elasticity, primary closure was possible. The pathology result was reported as proliferating trichilemmal carcinoma with tumor-free margins. Although local recurrence after wide excision is rare, we recommend complete excision for treatment of PTT and long-term follow-up because of the possibility of recurrence.

Human Menopausal Gonadotropin versus Recombinant FSH in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to compare human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) and recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (r FSH) with respect to clinical outcomes and the development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) for patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) treated with in vitro fertilization (IVF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective randomized controlled trial included a total of 80 women with PCOS. Of these, 38 were randomized to receive treatment with hMG and 42 with rFSH using a long gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue protocol. Outcome measures were cycle characteristics, pregnancy rates, the need for coasting, and OHSS rates. RESULTS: In the hMG group we observed a significantly lower peak estradiol (E2) level (p=0.02), fewer intermediate-sized follicles (p=0.001), lower number of oocytes retrieved (p=0.002) and metaphase II (MII) oocytes (p=0.003). However, there were no significant differences between the groups in the number of fertilized oocytes, fertilization rates, top quality embryo counts, and the number of transferred embryos. There was no difference in pregnancy rates between the groups. OHSS occurred in 11.9% of the rFSH group patients, whereas no OHSS developed in the hMG group. Coasting requirements were lower in the hMG group (19.2% vs. 48.9%, p=0.013). CONCLUSION: Ovarian stimulation with hMG and rFSH provides similar clinical pregnancy rates in PCOS patients treated with a long GnRH agonist protocol in IVF cycles. hMG stimulation appears to be associated with a lower rate of OHSS and decreased coasting requirements (Registration Number: NCT01365936).

The conservative treatment of postoperative chylous ascites in gynecologic cancers: four case reports.

INTRODUCTION: Chylous ascites is a rare complication following radical surgery in gynecologic cancers. Its treatment is difficult due to nutritional and immunological problems caused by protein and lymphocyte loss. Its conservative treatment includes the use of a low-fat diet, medium chain triglyceride intake, paracentesis, total parenteral nutrition, and somatostatins. Other treatment options for resistant cases include surgical exploration and peritoneovenous shunt. CASE REPORT: We present four gynecologic cancer cases with development of chylous ascites following pelvic-para-aortic lymph dissection. Two of these cases were endometrial cancer, one was cervical cancer, and the last one was ovarian cancer. In three of these cases, chylous ascites developed immediately after surgery. In the cervical cancer case, it developed following surgery and radiotherapy. All subjects responded to conservative treatment. CONCLUSION: Chylous ascites should be considered in the differential diagnosis of abdominal distension following retroperitoneal surgery. Cases generally respond well to conservative treatment. However, treatment options should be personalized, and the right treatment should be chosen for each patient. The best measure is to pay utmost attention to the ligation of large lymph vessels during lymph dissection.

Laparoscopic treatment of ovarian cysts in adolescents and young adults.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate the laparoscopic management of ovarian cysts in adolescents and young adults. DESIGN: A retrospective chart review study. SETTING: Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Research and Education Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 282 females aged 25 years or younger underwent laparoscopic surgery for a presumed benign ovarian cyst. Patients were grouped as adolescents (ages 12-19, n = 79) or young adults (ages 20-25, n = 203). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Surgical approach, operative findings and the correlation of intraoperative diagnosis with the definitive pathological reports. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 21.2 years. At laparoscopic surgery, 89 patients (31.6%) had endometriomas, 47 (16.7%) had dermoid cysts, and 37 (13.1%) had paraovarian cysts. Ninety-seven patients (34.4%) had simple ovarian cysts. Pathological reports revealed that young adults were more likely to have endometriomas (34.0% vs 7.6%, P < 0.01), but dermoid cysts and simple ovarian cysts were more frequent (20.3% vs 15.3%, P < 0.01 and 60.7% vs 40.9%, P < 0.01, respectively).in adolescents. Eleven of the cases (3.9%) were found to have mucinous cystadenomas and fourteen (5.0%) to have serous cystadenomas. Four cysts were malignant (1.4%). Cystectomy was performed in 205 cases (72.7%), fenestration of cyst wall was performed in 53 cases (18.8%), and aspiration was applied in 22 cases (7.8%). The types of operation were not significantly different among adolescents and young adults (P > 0.05). The operative diagnosis was highly correlated with the final pathological reports (kappa value= 0.901, P < 0.001). There were no operative and postoperative complications in our series. CONCLUSION: With a careful preoperative screening, the laparoscopic surgery of ovarian cyst is an efficient and safe treatment for adolescents and young adults.

Body mass index is an independent risk factor for the development of endometrial polyps in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the subgroup of patients in whom office hysteroscopy should be routinely performed before an in vitro fertilization (IVF) program. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort analysis. SETTING: Tertiary education and research hospital. PATIENT(S): Two hundred twenty-three patients who underwent a uterine evaluation by office hysteroscopy before the IVF and embryo transfer cycle. INTERVENTION(S): The office hysteroscopy was performed in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle before the IVF cycle. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The office findings: number of polyps, number of multiple polyps, and polyp size. RESULT(S): Patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) had a higher number of endometrial polyps, but the difference was not statistically significant (28.9% vs. 18.3%). When comparing the patients according to BMI, patients with BMI >or=30 had a statistically significantly higher number of endometrial polyps versus BMI <30 (52% vs. 15%). On the other hand, obesity was positively correlated with the occurrence of polyps, size of the polyps, and occurrence of multiple number of polyps in the correlation analysis. In addition, logistic regression analysis using age, obesity, duration of infertility, and estradiol levels revealed that obesity was an independent prognostic factor for the development of endometrial polyps. CONCLUSION(S): Office hysteroscopy should be performed in patients with BMI >or=30 because obesity may act as an initiator for the pathogenesis of endometrial polyps.