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1.
Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy ; 19(1): 8, 2024 01 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38238852

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Opioid use remains a major public health issue, especially among young adults. Despite investment in harm reduction and supply-side strategies such as reducing overprescribing and safe medication disposal, little is known about demand-side issues, such as reasons for use and pathways to opioid use. Adolescents and young adults who struggle with opioid use disorder (OUD) are multifaceted individuals with varied individual histories, experiences, challenges, skills, relationships, and lives. METHODS: To inform the development of prevention strategies that hold promise for addressing opioid use, this study employs brief structured surveys and semi-structured in-depth interviews with 30 young adults (ages 18-29; 19 female, 23 White, 16 from Suburban areas) in recovery from OUD. For survey data, we used descriptive statistics to summarize the means and variance of retrospectively reported risk and protective factors associated with opioid use. For in-depth interview data, we used a combination of thematic analysis and codebook approaches to generate common themes and experiences shared by participants. RESULTS: Surveys revealed that the most endorsed risk factors pertained to emotions (emotional neglect and emotional abuse) followed by sexual abuse, physical abuse, and physical neglect. Themes generated from qualitative analyses reveal challenging experiences during adolescence, such as unaddressed mental health, social, and emotional needs, which were often reported as reasons for opioid initiation and use. Through surveys and interviews, we also identified positive assets, such as skills and social relationships that were present for many participants during adolescence. CONCLUSION: Implications include the need for universal prevention strategies that include emotion-focused interventions and supports alongside current harm reduction and environmental strategies to regulate prescriptions; the potential utility of more emotion-focused items being included on screening tools; and more voices of young people in recovery.


Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides , Adolescente , Humanos , Adulto Jovem , Feminino , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapêutico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/tratamento farmacológico , Saúde Mental , Fatores de Risco
2.
J Clin Transl Sci ; 7(1): e261, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38229900

RESUMO

Despite their documented benefits, the widespread adoption of community-engaged and participatory approaches among health researchers remains limited. Institutional practices and policies influence the uptake of community engagement and participatory approaches. We examine the role of financial arrangements between university researchers and community partners, by exploring efforts to bridge the gap between research administration and researchers at two research-intensive institutions. The type of financial arrangement a researcher has with a community partner plays an important role in setting the stage for the structure of the partnership as it relates to shared decision-making and ownership of the research. Continued efforts to clarify and streamline subcontracting processes are needed as is infrastructure to support community partners and researchers as they navigate financial arrangements if progress is to be made.

3.
Pediatrics ; 149(Suppl 5)2022 May 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35503322

RESUMO

We provide an overview of diverse forms of youth participation, with a focus on youth participatory action research (YPAR) and its synergies with life course intervention research to promote healthier development for young people and across the life span. We analyze why YPAR matters for research, practice, and policies related to the systems and settings in which young people develop. We also illustrate how young people perform YPAR work to improve the developmental responsiveness and equity of school and health systems, including descriptions of an innovative youth-led health center in Rwanda and a long-standing and evolving integration of YPAR into public high schools in the United States. We then briefly consider the adult capacities needed to do this work well, given that YPAR challenges typical youth-adult power relationships and broader assumptions about who can generate expert knowledge. We consider the alignment and potential challenges for integration of life course intervention research as well as YPAR and next steps for research and practice at this intersection.


Assuntos
Pesquisa Participativa Baseada na Comunidade , Acontecimentos que Mudam a Vida , Adolescente , Adulto , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Instituições Acadêmicas , Estados Unidos
4.
J Adolesc Health ; 70(4): 682-685, 2022 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34991931

RESUMO

PURPOSE: This study investigated the prevalence of technology-use rules, typical sleep habits, and associations between rules and sleep using the representative 2017-2018 California Health Interview Survey adolescent sample. METHODS: Adolescents aged 12-17 years completed the California Health Interview Survey, including queries of (1) rules at home regarding times to turn off or put away electronics and (2) school-night bedtime and rise time. Rates of rules and associations between rules and sleep were investigated using descriptive statistics and bivariate and multivariable analyses. RESULTS: Seventy-two percent reported technology-use rules. Rates were comparable across subgroups. Rules and sleep were not significantly associated after adjusting for covariates. Reported time in bed fell below National Sleep Foundation guidelines for 38% of participants. CONCLUSIONS: Most adolescents reported technology-use rules at home. Associations between rules and bedtime were mixed, suggesting that further exploration of contextual and developmental factors is needed. Many reported inadequate sleep duration, supporting sleep as a key topic in adolescent health.


Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente , Sono , Adolescente , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Privação do Sono , Inquéritos e Questionários , Tecnologia
5.
Clin Psychol Rev ; 90: 102099, 2021 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34752992

RESUMO

The prevalence and impact of child maltreatment make the scientific investigation of this phenomenon a matter of vital importance. Prior research has examined associations between problematic patterns of parents' emotion reactivity and regulation and child maltreatment and maltreatment risk. However, the strength and specificity of these relationships is not yet clear. To address this, we conducted a systematic literature search of four databases from inception through February 2021 to identify studies that reported these relationships. Our resulting meta-analysis of maltreatment involved parents of children who are up to 18 years of age (k = 46, encompassing 6669 parents). Our focus was the magnitude of the difference in levels of emotion reactivity and regulation between parents who maltreat or are at risk of maltreating and parents who do not maltreat their children or are not at risk of maltreating their children. As expected, results from meta-analyses using robust variance estimation indicated significantly higher problems with reactivity and regulation in maltreating parents / parents at risk (r = 0.40, k = 140; 95% CI [0.34, 0.45]), indicating that maltreating / at risk parents were more likely to have overall worse measures of reactivity and regulation. In comparison to non-maltreating parents, maltreating / at risk parents experience more negative emotions, display more negative emotion behavior, and are more dysregulated. These effects were fairly stable with little to no remaining heterogeneity. The current review concludes with a theoretical framework outlining the role of emotion reactivity and regulation in multiple risk factors of maltreatment, aiming to guide future study in this area.


Assuntos
Maus-Tratos Infantis , Criança , Emoções , Humanos , Pais , Fatores de Risco
6.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33917294

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: A multitude of empirical evidence documents links between education and health, but this focuses primarily on educational attainment and not on characteristics of the school setting. Little is known about the extent to which aggregate characteristics of the school setting, such as student body demographics, are associated with adult health outcomes. METHODS: We use the U.S. nationally representative National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort to statistically assess the association between two different measures of high school student composition (socioeconomic composition, racial/ethnic composition) and two different health outcomes at age 40 (self-rated health and obesity). RESULTS: After adjusting for confounders, high school socioeconomic composition, but not racial/ethnic composition, was weakly associated with both obesity and worse self-rated health at age 40. However, after adding adult educational attainment to the model, only the association between high school socioeconomic composition and obesity remained statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Future research should explore possible mechanisms and also if findings are similar across other populations and in other school contexts. These results suggest that education policies that seek to break the link between socioeconomic composition and negative outcomes remain important but may have few spillover effects onto health.


Assuntos
Grupos Raciais , Instituições Acadêmicas , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Escolaridade , Humanos , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde
7.
Am Psychol ; 76(8): 1293-1306, 2021 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35113594

RESUMO

Community partnerships are vital for the co-production, implementation, and dissemination of practice- and policy-relevant research to advance public psychology. Particularly in "Research 1" universities, the institutional infrastructure, culture, and criteria for faculty advancement are often a mismatch for impactful community-partnered research. Past and current efforts by psychologists and others at the University of California (UC) seek to promote partnerships, infrastructure, and practices for faculty development and advancement that align excellence and impact in scholarship with advancing the public mission of the UC and its campuses. Here, we delineate "partnered" public scholarship and provide an overview of mismatch between this scholarship and university structures. We then describe unique features of the UC and three cases of interdisciplinary partnerships to advance educational equity that illustrate how distinctive campuses and units engaged resources, deployed diverse strategies, and succeeded as well as failed to address challenges related to (a) how partnered scholarship is enacted, (b) supports to sustain the initiatives, and (c) faculty evaluation. We then consider lessons learned, implications, and ethical issues related to public psychology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).


Assuntos
Docentes , Humanos , Universidades
8.
Am J Community Psychol ; 66(3-4): 267-278, 2020 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32969506

RESUMO

There is an array of youth participatory approaches relevant to health equity efforts in community psychology, adolescent health, youth development, and education. While they share some commonalities, they also reflect important distinctions regarding key processes and intended level of impact. Here, we consider the following: (a) youth-led participatory action research (YPAR), (b) youth organizing (YO), (c) youth-led planning, (d) human-centered design, (e) participatory arts, and (f) youth advisory boards. Informed by community psychology theories on empowerment and levels of change and social epidemiology frameworks that focus on the social determinants of health inequities, we aim to promote greater clarity in the conceptualization, implementation, and evaluation of youth participatory approaches; frame the "landscape" of youth participatory approaches and their similarities and differences; present an integrative review of the evidence regarding the impact of youth participatory approaches; and describe several illustrative cases so as to consider more deeply how some youth participatory approaches aim to influence the social determinants of health that lead to the physical embodiment of health inequities. We conclude by identifying areas of future policy- and practice-relevant research for advancing youth participation and health equity.


Assuntos
Pesquisa Participativa Baseada na Comunidade , Formação de Conceito , Equidade em Saúde , Adolescente , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Adulto Jovem
9.
J Adolesc Health ; 67(2S): S14-S23, 2020 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32718510

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Rapid advances in technology create opportunities for adolescents to influence practice and policy in health and other domains. Technology can support the scaling of Youth-Led Participatory Action Research (YPAR), in which adolescents conduct research to improve issues that affect them. We present the first known published systematic review of the use of technology to scale YPAR. METHODS: A systematic review of the empirical literature was conducted from 2000 to 2018 using databases PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, and PubMed. The review included peer-reviewed articles of YPAR studies involving adolescents (aged 10-19 years) using technology for scaling. Appraisal of papers included the role of technology and consistency with YPAR principles. RESULTS: Nine peer-reviewed YPAR publications focusing on a range of health issues with adolescents aged 11-19 years were identified. Technology included Facebook (most common), Twitter, Instagram, Skype, e-mail, blogs, and personalized mapping applications. Overall, technology was primarily used for adolescent participants to gather data. The appraisal revealed the complexities inherent in conducting YPAR using technology across multiple sites, with different adults in supportive roles and varying levels of opportunities for adolescent engagement. CONCLUSIONS: This review provides insights at the intersection of youth-led research and technology, highlighting opportunities in a changing technological landscape and the challenges of YPAR at scale.


Assuntos
Pesquisa Participativa Baseada na Comunidade , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde , Tecnologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Humanos , Projetos de Pesquisa , Adulto Jovem
10.
Am J Community Psychol ; 66(1-2): 81-93, 2020 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32497266

RESUMO

Youth-Led Participatory Action Research (YPAR) is a social justice-focused approach for promoting social change and positive youth development in which youth conduct systematic research and actions to improve their schools and communities. Although YPAR is oriented to generating research for action, with evidence-based recommendations often aimed at influencing adults with power over settings and systems that shape youths' lives, we have little understanding of how YPAR evidence influences the thinking and/or actions of adult policymakers or practitioners. In general, the participatory research field lacks a theoretically informed "use of research evidence" lens, while the use of evidence field lacks consideration of the special case and implications of participatory research. To start to address these gaps, this paper presents a conceptual linkage across these two fields and then provides six illustrative case examples across diverse geographic, policy, and programmatic contexts to demonstrate opportunities and challenges in the use of YPAR evidence for policy and practice. Our illustrative focus here is on U.S. K-12 educational contexts, the most-studied setting in the YPAR literature, but questions examined here are relevant to YPAR and other systems domestically and internationally, including health, educational, and legal systems. HIGHLIGHTS: The use of research evidence (URE) field identifies characteristics of research and conditions that strengthen URE. Youth-led Participatory Action Research is a special case for factors that influence research use. Six case examples across diverse K-12 contexts illustrate facilitators and barriers for YPAR use. We propose next steps for community psychology research and action to promote the study and use of YPAR evidence.


Assuntos
Pesquisa Participativa Baseada na Comunidade/métodos , Formação de Conceito , Instituições Acadêmicas/estatística & dados numéricos , Mudança Social , Adolescente , Humanos
11.
Youth Soc ; 52(4): 592-617, 2020 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38283668

RESUMO

Adolescent sleep deprivation is a pressing public health issue in the United States as well as other countries. The contexts of adolescents' lives are changing rapidly, but little is known about the factors that adolescents themselves believe affect their sleep. This study uses a social-ecological framework to investigate multiple levels of perceived influence on sleep patterns of urban adolescents. Data were drawn from interviews and surveys conducted in three California public high schools. Most participants identified homework as their primary barrier to sleep, particularly those engaged in procrastinating, multitasking, or those with extracurricular demands. Results indicate that the home context has important implications for adolescent sleep, including noise, household rules, and perceived parent values. These findings identify important areas for future research and intervention, particularly regarding the roles of parents.

12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31731739

RESUMO

Trans women face numerous structural barriers to health due to discrimination. Housing instability is an important structural determinant of poor health outcomes among trans women. The purpose of this study was to determine if experiences of intersectional anti-trans and racial discrimination are associated with poor housing outcomes among trans women in the San Francisco Bay Area. A secondary analysis of baseline data from the Trans *National study (n = 629) at the San Francisco Department of Public Health (2016-2018) was conducted. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the association between discrimination as an ordered categorical variable (zero, one to two, or three or more experiences) and housing status adjusting for age, years lived in the Bay Area, and gender identity. We found that the odds of housing instability increased by 1.25 for every categorical unit increase (1-2, or 3+) in reported experiences of intersectional (both anti-trans and racial) discrimination for trans women (95% CI = 1.01-1.54, p-value < 0.05). Intersectional anti-trans and racial discrimination is associated with increased housing instability among trans women, giving some insight that policies and programs are needed to identify and address racism and anti-trans stigma towards trans women. Efforts to address intersectional discrimination may positively impact housing stability, with potential for ancillary effects on increasing the health and wellness of trans women who face multiple disparities.


Assuntos
Habitação/estatística & dados numéricos , Preconceito , Pessoas Transgênero , Adulto , Feminino , Identidade de Gênero , Pessoas Mal Alojadas , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Racismo , São Francisco , Estigma Social
13.
Child Dev ; 90(5): 1503-1524, 2019 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31281975

RESUMO

The many adverse effects of child maltreatment make the scientific investigation of this phenomenon a matter of vital importance. Although the relationship between maltreatment and problematic emotion reactivity and regulation has been studied, the strength and specificity of these associations are not yet clear. We examine the magnitude of the maltreatment-child-emotion reactivity/regulation link. Studies with substantiated maltreatment involving children aged up to 18 were included, along with a smaller number of longitudinal studies (58 papers reviewed, encompassing more than 11,900 children). In comparison to nonmaltreated children, maltreated children experience more negative emotions, behave in a manner indicative of more negative emotion, and display emotion dysregulation. We outline several theoretical implications of our results.


Assuntos
Maus-Tratos Infantis/psicologia , Comportamento Infantil/psicologia , Emoções/fisiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cognição , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Viés de Publicação , Aprendizado Social
14.
J Community Psychol ; 47(7): 1614-1628, 2019 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31233622

RESUMO

Young people of color residing in distressed urban contexts face challenges in accessing social capital that supports positive development and the transition to educational and employment opportunities. Youth-serving organizations play potentially important roles for youth participants to access and leverage networks. This ethnographic study draws on qualitative interviews, conducted with adolescents at a youth-serving organization based in East Oakland, California, to examine how network-based social capital is activated and sustained for and by urban Black and Latinx youth. We found that relationships with supportive adult staff at the organization put youth in contact with caring, trusted adults of color outside of their families who serve as role models for them. These adults provide loving accountability to young people, serving as critical forces in distressed and stigmatized communities. We also found that adult staff activate social leverage to garner various current and future educational and professional opportunities for the youth there. These unique opportunities serve to boost young people's current self-esteem and also to prime them to envision positive futures for themselves. Overall, these findings point to the importance of interpersonal pathways embedded within neighborhood institutions in the activation of network-based social capital.


Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Redes Comunitárias , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Capital Social , População Urbana , Adolescente , Adulto , California , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Grupos Minoritários/psicologia , Apoio Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto Jovem
15.
Health Place ; 58: 102069, 2019 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30639203

RESUMO

Little is known about why bisexual people use tobacco at higher rates than any other sexual identity group. Non-binary sexualities, such as bisexuality, exist within the socially constructed borderland between homosexuality and heterosexuality. Exploration of the everyday smoking contexts and practices of bisexual individuals may reveal unique mechanisms driving tobacco use. We employed a novel mixed method, integrating real-time, smartphone-administered surveys of (non)smoking situations, location tracking, spatial visualization of participant data, and subsequent map-led interviews. Participants (n = 17; ages 18-26, California) identified as bisexual, pansexual, and/or queer. Most were cisgender women. Survey smoking patterns and situational predictors were similar to other young adults'. However, interviews revealed unique roles of tobacco use in participants' navigation of differently sexualized spaces in everyday life: 1) stepping away from uncomfortable situations related to bisexual identity; 2) facilitating belonging to LGBTQ+ community; and 3) recovering from bisexual identity perception management. Similar studies can examine the place-embedded practices and spatio-temporal patterns of other substance use and other stigmatized identity experiences.


Assuntos
Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero , Fumar/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , California/epidemiologia , Coleta de Dados/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino
16.
Child Abuse Negl ; 88: 376-388, 2019 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30579169

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Emotional maltreatment is the most pervasive but least studied form of abuse. OBJECTIVE: In the present study, we examined the role of emotion reactivity and emotion regulation in emotional child maltreatment. METHODS: We identified nine studies that compared levels of parental emotion reactivity and regulation in emotionally maltreating families with levels in non-maltreating families. RESULTS: Our meta-analytic findings revealed that, in comparison to non-maltreating parents, parents who are emotionally maltreating their children report higher levels of negative affect, depression, verbal aggression, and anger. We also found that in comparison to non-maltreating parents, emotionally maltreating parents report lower levels of emotional control, emotion regulation, and coping strategies. CONCLUSIONS: We outline the theoretical and practical implications of these results, and emphasize how research into the etiology of child maltreatment may provide the basis for more effective prevention, screening, and treatment practices designed to eradicate emotional maltreatment.


Assuntos
Maus-Tratos Infantis/psicologia , Emoções , Pais/psicologia , Adaptação Psicológica , Criança , Relações Pai-Filho , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Relações Mãe-Filho/psicologia
18.
J Youth Adolesc ; 47(10): 2169-2180, 2018 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29500576

RESUMO

Most adolescents face numerous obstacles to good sleep, which may undermine healthy development. In this study, we used latent class analysis and identified four categories of sleep barriers in a diverse sample of 553 urban youth (57% female). The majority profile, School/Screens Barriers, reported the most homework and extracurricular barriers, along with high screen time. The Home/Screens Barriers class (i.e., high environmental noise, light, screen use) and the High/Social Barriers class (i.e., high barriers across domains, particularly social) reported the poorest sleep quality and highest depressive/anxiety symptoms. The Minimal Barriers class-predominately male, with low depressive/anxiety symptoms-reported more sleep per night. We discuss implications of our findings for targeting interventions to address poor adolescent sleep among specific clusters of students.


Assuntos
Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/etiologia , Adolescente , Saúde do Adolescente/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Sono , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/epidemiologia , Estudantes , Inquéritos e Questionários , População Urbana
19.
Health Promot Pract ; 19(1): 51-59, 2018 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27466268

RESUMO

This article describes the implementation process of a nationwide project to enhance young people's participation and active citizenship in the context of Portugal's economic recession. This project used an innovative Positive Youth Development approach that engaged Portuguese youth (aged 11-18 years) through social media tools to facilitate their civic engagement and development. Participants from all over the country were empowered (1) to design and conduct research activities on topics of their choice and about their life contexts and (2) to create ways to improve youth civic participation in their communities, while developing supportive interactions with adults and peers. Overall, youth were engaged in their activities, felt their voices were heard, and felt that they were viewed as experts of their own well-being and living contexts. Youth research actions and preliminary findings were then compiled in a set of recommendations that was formally received by a high commissioner of the Ministry of Health. The article concludes with a discussion of the next steps for the project and its limitations so far.


Assuntos
Participação da Comunidade , Recessão Econômica , Grupo Associado , Adolescente , Criança , Humanos , Portugal , Poder Psicológico , Inquéritos e Questionários
20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29258221

RESUMO

Over 50% of mothers in rural Mexico have high depressive symptoms, and their children's health and development are likely to be negatively affected. A critical question is whether children vary in their vulnerability to the effects of high maternal depressive symptoms according to their indigenous ethnicity, maternal education, or household wealth. Our sample included 4442 mothers and 5503 children from an evaluation of Mexico's social welfare program. Maternal depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale, and child behavior was measured using an adapted version of the Behavior Problems Index (BPI). Multiple linear regression models were used to explore the associations between maternal depressive symptoms and child behavior problems, and the heterogeneity of associations by indigenous ethnicity, maternal education, and household assets. We found that having greater maternal depressive symptoms was significantly associated with having a child with more behavior problems (ß = 0.114, p < 0.0001, [95% CI 0.101, 0.127]), in adjusted models. In tests of heterogeneity, the association between maternal depressive symptoms and child behavior problems was strongest in households with indigenous ethnicity, low maternal education, or in households with fewer assets. These results strengthen the case for effective mental health interventions in low- and middle-income countries, particularly among the most vulnerable families where mothers and children appear to be at the greatest risk.


Assuntos
Comportamento Infantil/psicologia , Depressão/psicologia , Mães/psicologia , Adulto , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , População Rural , Adulto Jovem
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