Combined segmentation and classification-based approach to automated analysis of biomedical signals obtained from calcium imaging.

Automated screening systems in conjunction with machine learning-based methods are becoming an essential part of the healthcare systems for assisting in disease diagnosis. Moreover, manually annotating data and hand-crafting features for training purposes are impractical and time-consuming. We propose a segmentation and classification-based approach for assembling an automated screening system for the analysis of calcium imaging. The method was developed and verified using the effects of disease IgGs (from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis patients) on calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis. From 33 imaging videos we analyzed, 21 belonged to the disease and 12 to the control experimental groups. The method consists of three main steps: projection, segmentation, and classification. The entire Ca2+ time-lapse image recordings (videos) were projected into a single image using different projection methods. Segmentation was performed by using a multi-level thresholding (MLT) step and the Regions of Interest (ROIs) that encompassed cell somas were detected. A mean value of the pixels within these boundaries was collected at each time point to obtain the Ca2+ traces (time-series). Finally, a new matrix called feature image was generated from those traces and used for assessing the classification accuracy of various classifiers (control vs. disease). The mean value of the segmentation F-score for all the data was above 0.80 throughout the tested threshold levels for all projection methods, namely maximum intensity, standard deviation, and standard deviation with linear scaling projection. Although the classification accuracy reached up to 90.14%, interestingly, we observed that achieving better scores in segmentation results did not necessarily correspond to an increase in classification performance. Our method takes the advantage of the multi-level thresholding and of a classification procedure based on the feature images, thus it does not have to rely on hand-crafted training parameters of each event. It thus provides a semi-autonomous tool for assessing segmentation parameters which allows for the best classification accuracy.

Destructive disasters, trauma, crush syndrome, and beyond.

Orthopedic injuries, especially fractures of long bones as well as multiple fractures and comminuted fractures, are very common after destructive disasters (e.g., earthquakes, wars, and hurricanes). Another frequent problem is traumatic rhabdomyolysis, which may result in crush syndrome, the second most frequent cause of death after direct traumatic impact following earthquakes. To improve outcomes, interventions should be initiated even before extrication of the victims, which include maintenance of airway patency and spine stabilization, stopping traumatic bleeding by any means, and initiating fluid resuscitation. On-site amputations have been extensively debated to liberate the victims if the release of trapped limbs is impossible. Early after the rescue, a primary survey and triage are performed, a fluid resuscitation policy is planned, complications are treated, the wounds are decontaminated, and the victim is transported to specialized hospitals. A triage and primary survey are also performed at admission to the hospitals, which are followed by a secondary survey, physical, laboratory, and imaging examinations. Washing and cleaning of the soft-tissue injuries and debridement in open, necrotic wounds are vital. Applications of fasciotomies and amputations are controversial since they are associated with both benefits and serious complications; therefore, clear indications should be defined. Crush syndrome has been described as the presence of systemic manifestations following traumatic rhabdomyolysis, the most important component of which is acute kidney injury that may contribute to fatal hyperkalemia. The overall mortality rate is around 20% in crushed patients, which underlines the importance of prevention. Treatment includes maintaining of fluid electrolyte and acid-base balance, application of dialysis, and also prevention and treatment of complications. The principles and practices in disaster medicine may differ from those applied in routine practice; therefore, organizing repeated training courses may be helpful to provide the most effective healthcare and to save as many lives as possible after mass disasters.

Fixation of Posterior Malleolar Fractures with Posterior Plating Through a Posterolateral Approach.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate radiologic and clinical outcomes of ankle fractures involving posterior fragments that were fixed with a posterior plate by the posterolateral approach. METHODS: Sixty-five patients who were followed for at least 12 months and were older than 18 years were included. The posterior malleolus fractures were classified according to the Haraguchi classification system with computed tomography (CT). The posterior malleolus fragments were fixed with a plate through a posterolateral approach. Intra-articular step-off, reduction of the posterior malleolar fragment, and fibular position in the incisura were evaluated by early postoperative CT. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and visual analog scale pain score were used for clinical assessment. RESULTS: The posterior malleolus fractures were classified as Haraguchi type 1 in 45 patients (69.2%), Haraguchi type 2 in 12 patients (18.5%), and Haraguchi type 3 in eight patients (12.3%). No patients showed signs of instability or loss of reduction on direct radiographs during follow-up. Postoperative CT showed no loss of reduction in the posterior malleolus and tibiofibular alignment. On evaluation, there was no intra-articular step-off (<1) in any of the patients. The mean AOFAS score was calculated to be 91.6. The mean visual analog scale score was 1.2. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that direct posterior fixation with the posterolateral approach can be a good option for ankle fractures involving posterior malleolar fragments.

Cementless rectangular stems yield satisfactory results in osteoporotic bones.

BACKGROUND: The present study aims to investigate the effects sof osteoporosis on prosthesis survival by comparing the femoral stem survival rates of patients with poor and relatively good bone quality. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated 61 patients with collum femoris fractures who were treated with cementless rectangular stems between 2011 and 2015 in the Orthopaedics and Traumatology Clinic of Taksim Training and Research Hospital. The preoperative pelvic anterior-posterior radiographs of the patients were evaluated. The patients were evaluated according to the Dorr classification, and no case with a type A femur was found. The patients were divided into two groups as advanced osteoporotic type C and moderate osteoporotic type B. Thirty patients were type B according to the Dorr classification and 31 were osteoporotic type C. RESULTS: The femoral component survival was evaluated using the Engh and ARA criteria. The relationship of the ARA score with type B and type C groups was evaluated. The median ARA score was five (min 3-max 6) for both types. These two groups were also statistically compared concerning the ARA scores using the Mann-Whitney U test, which revealed no statistically significant difference (p=0.24 >0.05). The Engh values, another criterion for the survival of femoral components, were also compared. The median Engh values were 16.5 (min 9-max 24) for the Dorr type B group and 14 (min 9-max 24) for the type C group. According to the Mann-Whitney U test, there was no significant difference between the Engh values of the two groups (p=0.061 >0.05). Lastly, no statistically significant difference was found in the ARA or Engh loosening scores between the type C advanced osteoporotic group and the type B moderate osteoporotic group. CONCLUSION: Our study supports the conclusion that cementless hip arthroplasty can be applied even in advanced elderly and osteoporotic patients without additional intraoperative or postoperative risks.

Behaviour and knowledge skill levels of orthopedic surgeons about radiation safety and fluoroscopy use: A survey analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the behaviour and knowledge skill levels of Turkish orthopedic surgeons about fluoroscopy usage and radiation safety. METHODS: The questionnaire, consisting of nineteen questions, was sent to orthopaedic surgeons and requested by a total of 323 surgeons online. The questions were about personal information, training and behaviours related to radiation and fluoroscopy usage, and the use of protective equipment. RESULTS: A total of 277 individuals completed the questionnaire. The answers of 180 surgeons whose working duration was more than 1 year and also who participated in at least one fluoroscopy requiring operation per week, were analysed. 22 (12%) participants answered that they were trained on fluoroscopy usage. Sixty people (33.3%) reported that they did not use any protective equipment regularly. The most commonly used protection methods were lead aprons 123 (68.3%). Thyroid protectors were used by 92 participants (52.1%). There was no significant difference between the groups when comparing the use of protective equipment according to the academic title. Only 19 (10.6%) of the surgeons noted that they used dosimeter regularly, and 15 (83.3%) of them reported that they controlled their dosimeters. CONCLUSION: In this study, Orthopedic surgeons were found not to be adequately trained about use and risks of fluoroscopy and also not to be equipped about methods for preventing radiation damage.

Long-term results of reverse Liss plate applied to unstable proximal femur extracapsular fractures in Istanbul, Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of the minimally invasive internal fixation method using reverse Less Invasive Stabilisation System locking plate in unstable proximal femur extracapsular fractures. METHODS: The retrospective study was conducted at Department of Orthopaedics in Taksim Training and Research Hospital (Istanbul, Turkey) and comprised data of patients in whom osteosynthesis was applied with reverse Less Invasive Stabilisation System locking plate for an unstable extracapsular femur fracture between September 2006 and June 2011. Evaluation was made of the fracture reduction quality and degrees of varus-valgus and anteversion-retroversion on the postoperative radiographs which were compared to the healthy hip. At the final follow-up examination, evaluation was made using the Harris Hip Score and Visual Analogue Scale score. The follow-up period ranged from 12 to 35 months. RESULTS: Of the 42 patients, 16 (38%) were females and 26 (62%) were males, with an overall mean age of 64.2±22.25 years (range: 23-97 years). The trauma was low-energy in 24 (57%) patients and high-energy in 18 (43%). Union was achieved in 38 (90%) patients with secondary bone healing in mean 14 weeks (range: 12-20 weeks). Complications were seen in 4 (9%) patients and additional surgical interventions were made. Radiographically, reduction was anatomic in 33 (79%) patients, acceptable in 8 (19%) and poor in 1 (2%). At the 12-month follow-up, the mean Harris Hip Score was 88,6 (range: 59-100) and mean Visual Analogue Scale score was 2.19 (range: 0-9). CONCLUSIONS: In the surgical treatment of unstable extracapsular proximal femur fractures, reverse Less Invasive Stabilisation System plate could be easily applied with a minimally invasive fixation method as an alternative to other treatment methods with successful results.

Fixation of extra-articular distal humeral fractures with a lateral approach and a locked plate: an alternative method.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of lateral approach and anterolateral anatomical locked plate fixation on clinical and radiological healing of extra-articular distal humeral fractures. METHODS: Twenty-three (17 male, 6 female) consecutive patients who underwent surgical management for closed extra-articular comminuted distal humeral fractures between 2006 and 2013 were included in this study. Anterolateral fixation with an anatomical locked plate using a lateral approach was preferred. Mean age was 34 years (range: 17-56 years). AO Foundation/American Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) classification was used; all patients had AO/OTA 12-B1.3 type fractures. Inclusion criteria were patients with polytrauma, late-onset radial nerve injury, and unsatisfactory closed reduction. Patients were followed up at postoperative weeks 6, 12, and 24, and in 3-month intervals thereafter. Mean follow-up period was 16 months (range: 14-18 months). Functional results were evaluated using the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score, visual analog scale (VAS) score, and Mayo elbow performance score. RESULTS: Mean flexion was 135° (range: 128-140°) at 24 weeks postoperatively; there was no loss of pronation and supination of the forearm. All fractures healed uneventfully in an average of 19.3 weeks (range: 16-24 weeks). Mean Mayo elbow performance score and DASH score at 24 weeks improved from 66.6 (range: 50-85) to 100 and from 53.6 (range: 25.75-80.75) to 12.7 (range: 5-26.5), respectively. VAS score at 24 weeks improved from 4 (range: 3-5) to 0.5 (range: 0-1). Postoperative radial nerve paralysis and infection were not observed. CONCLUSION: We recommend anterolateral anatomical locked plate fixation using a lateral approach as an alternative method in the management of distal humeral extra-articular fractures. This enables rigid fixation of the distal fragment without interfering and impinging on the olecranon fossa, allows early active range of elbow motion, and avoids iatrogenic triceps muscle injury and radial nerve exposure, which prevents surgical radial nerve injury.

Cheilectomy as a First-Line Surgical Treatment Option Yields Good Functional Results in Grade III Hallux Rigidus.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to analyze the functional results of cheilectomy in the surgical treatment of grade III hallux rigidus and to evaluate whether cheilectomy is a preferable first-line treatment over other surgical methods. METHODS: Of 29 patients with moderate daily physical activity who underwent cheilectomy between 2009 and 2012 on being diagnosed as having grade III hallux rigidus according to the Coughlin-Shurnas grading system, 21 patients (14 women and 7 men; mean age, 59.2 years; age range, 52-67 years) (22 feet) with regular follow-up and complete medical records were included in the study. The patients were evaluated in the preoperative and postoperative periods using a visual analog scale for pain and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society metatarsophalangeal assessment forms. RESULTS: The preoperative mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score of 53 (range, 29-67) improved to 78 (range, 57-92) postoperatively (Wilcoxon test P = .001). The preoperative mean visual analog scale score of 89 (range, 60-100) improved to 29 (range, 0-70) in the postoperative period (Wilcoxon test P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: As a simple and repeatable procedure that allows for further joint-sacrificing surgical procedures when required, cheilectomy is a preferable method to be applied as a first-line option for the surgical treatment of grade III hallux rigidus.

The effects of preoperative non-invasive cardiac tests on delay to surgery and subsequent mortality in elderly patients with hip fracture.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of preoperative cardiac tests on the surgical treatment plan and subsequent effects on mortality in elderly patients with hip fracture. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 116 patients aged 60 years or above who underwent hip fracture surgery between 2010-2013 were evaluated. Of the patients with similar preoperative clinical risk factors, 20 patients with additional preoperative cardiac tests such as echocardiography or thalium scintigraphy constituted Group 1, whereas 28 patients without additional cardiac tests constituted Group 2. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 21 statistical package software. Normal distribution of the data was determined by the Shapiro-Wilk test and histography. Intergroup and mortality comparisons were performed by Mann-Whitney U, Yates-corrected chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS: The mean time between fracture and operation was 6 days (range, 4-14) in Group 1, and 2 days (range, 0-3) in Group 2. There was a significant difference in time-to-operation between the groups (p< 0.001). The age and gender distribution of both groups were homomgenous (p= 0.64, p= 1.0). Both groups were comparable in terms of fracture type, treatment, and anesthesia (p= 0.36, p= 0.42, p= 1.0). At the end of 1 year, six (30%) patients in Group 1 and three (10.7%) patients in Group 2 were deceased. Both groups were comparable in terms of mortality (p= 0.137). There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of complications (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Unnecessary cardiac tests in elderly patients with hip fracture led to a delay in their surgery, yet did not change their cardiac treatment plan. This delay in obtaining hip fracture surgery increases complication rates, hospitalization duration, and costs.

Dual locked plating of unstable bicondylar tibial plateau fractures.

The operative treatment of displaced bicondylar tibial plateau fractures is challenging. The displaced condyles must be reduced, depressed plateaus must be elevated and adequately supported and early rehabilitation must be encouraged in order to obtain good clinical results. This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of patients with bicondylar tibial plateau fractures treated with dual locked plates using raft screws with MIPO technique and autologous bone grafting. We hypothesized that in this group of patients dual locked plating reduces the complication rates by avoiding loss of reduction due to the accomplished rigid fixation. Twenty-two consecutive patients with bicondylar tibial plateau fractures (AO Type C) were included in this study. The mean follow up was 26 months. Bone healing was achieved in all patients with 3 cases of superficial and 1 case of deep infection. Secondary loss of reduction, secondary loss of alignment, early post-traumatic arthritis were not observed in this study. The Lysholm knee score showed an average of 80.5 points (range: 61.5-90) at the final follow up assessment. Optimal fixation of the fracture with dual locked plating which allows immediate motion and partial weight bearing may be an alternative concept to prevent secondary loss of reduction to obtain a good clinical outcome.

Locking plate fixation of three- and four-part proximal humeral fractures.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the functional results of open reduction and internal fixation with a locking plate in patients with three- or four-part fractures of the proximal humerus. METHODS: We reviewed 32 consecutive patients (22 women, 10 men; mean age 63 years; range 29 to 82 years) who were treated with open reduction and internal fixation using the PHILOS locking plate for comminuted proximal humeral fractures. According to the Neer classification, 12 patients (mean age 56 years) had three-part fractures, 19 patients (mean age 67 years) had four-part fractures, and one patient had a four-part fracture dislocation. Ten patients were in the age group of <60 years, 22 patients were in the age group of 60=or>years. All the patients were evaluated with plain radiographs preoperatively; in addition, computed tomography was used in 14 patients in whom articular surface and tuberculum displacement could not be assessed adequately. The operation was performed through a standard deltopectoral approach, and minimal soft tissue dissection was used aiming not to impair vascularization of the fracture fragments. A cerclage wire was used to help reduction in 12 patients. An oblique screw was inserted to stabilize the medial colon in cases in which medial cortical contact was insufficient. Bone grafting was not used in any of the patients. Active-assisted and passive exercises of the shoulder were initiated on the second postoperative day. Active abduction to 90 degrees was allowed two weeks after surgery. During follow-up, implant failure, loss of reduction, malunion, and bone healing were assessed on plain radiographs. Bone scintigraphy was performed after 12 postoperative months for the detection of avascular necrosis. The results were assessed using the Constant shoulder score. The mean follow-up period was 25 months (range 18 to 36 months). RESULTS: An anatomic or near-anatomic reduction was obtained in 29 patients (90.6%). In two patients, the fractures were fixed in a varus position, and in one patient, the greater tubercle was displaced proximally. All fractures united in a mean of three months (range 2 to 5 months). The mean Constant score of the patients was 79.5 (range 50 to 100). The results were excellent in 13 patients (40.6%), good in nine patients (28.1%), fair in eight patients (25%), and poor in two patients (6.3%). The mean Constant scores were 88.3 (range 69 to 100) and 74.2 (range 50 to 100) in three-part and four-part fractures, and 88.3 (range 71 to 100) and 75.5 (range 50 to 100) in the age groups of <60 years and =or>60 years, respectively. Constant scores showed significant differences with respect to the number of comminution and age groups (p=0.03). Avascular necrosis was observed in two patients. None of the patients had reduction loss, implant failure, deep infection, or neurovascular injury, and none required implant removal. CONCLUSION: Preservation of humeral head vascularity through minimal soft tissue dissection, fixation with a locking plate, and early postoperative motion were effective in decreasing potential complications following surgical treatment of three- and four-part proximal humeral fractures. The degree of fracture comminution and age of the patients affect functional results significantly.

Short-term results of the Oxford phase 3 unicompartmental knee arthroplasty for medial arthritis.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated short-term results of the Oxford phase 3 unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) in patients with medial compartment arthritis. METHODS: The study included 38 patients (28 females, 10 males; mean age 67 years; range 56 to 75 years) who underwent UKA for isolated medial knee osteoarthritis. At the time of surgery, 28 patients were in the age group of 56-64 years, and 10 patients were in the age group of 65-75 years. All the patients had Ahlbäck grade 2 primary medial compartment arthritis that had been unresponsive to conservative treatment. None of the patients had symptoms of patellofemoral arthrosis. Patients underwent UKA with the Oxford phase 3 cemented meniscal-bearing unicondylar prosthesis using minimally invasive surgery. The results were assessed preoperatively and at final controls according to the Knee Society clinical and functional rating system. Postoperative radiographic evaluations were made according to the Oxford criteria. The mean follow-up period was 24 months (range 18 to 32 months). RESULTS: The mean preoperative active knee flexion increased from 121.8 degrees (range 110 degrees to 130 degrees ) to 130.9 degrees (range 120 degrees to 140 degrees) postoperatively (p<0.05). There was no limitation in knee extension both pre- and postoperatively. The mean preoperative and postoperative knee scores were 64.6 (range 47 to 80) and 97.5 (range 89 to 100), and the mean functional scores were 59.6 (range 45 to 80) and 92.1 (range 70 to 100), respectively (p<0.05). All the patients had an excellent knee score, while functional scores were excellent in 27 patients (71.1%) and good in 11 patients (28.9%). Postoperative radiographic measurements showed that the position of the femoral components was within acceptable ranges in all the patients with a mean of 3 degrees valgus (range 5 degrees valgus to 8 degrees varus) and 0.5 degrees extension (range 3 degrees extension to 2 degrees flexion). The positioning of the femoral components in relation to the mechanical axis was central in 30 patients and 2-mm lateral (range 2 mm medial to 4 mm lateral) in eight patients. The position of the tibial components was also within acceptable ranges in all the patients with a mean of 1.5 degrees varus (range 2 degrees varus to 2 degrees valgus) and a mean posterior inclination of 6.2 degrees (range 5 degrees to 7 degrees). All the tibial components showed full congruency with the medial, lateral, anterior, and posterior planes, except for one which had a 4-mm undersizing in the anterior plane. The polyethylene insert was central and parallel to the tibial component in all the patients. No osteophytes or cement debris that might lead to impingement were observed. All the components remained in position until the final controls. Complications such as insert dislocation, infection, pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, or neurovascular injury were not observed. None of the patients required revision surgery. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that, with proper patient selection and strict adherence to the surgical technique, short-term results of the Oxford phase 3 unicompartmental knee prosthesis are excellent or good in the treatment of medial compartment osteoarthritis.

Clinical results of intramedullary nailing following closed or mini open reduction in pediatric unstable diaphyseal forearm fractures.

OBJECTIVES: We compared the clinical results of open reduction with a mini incision and closed reduction in pediatric unstable diaphyseal forearm fractures treated with intramedullary nailing. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 45 children who were treated with intramedullary nailing for unstable middle third diaphyseal forearm fractures. Before intramedullary nailing, 24 patients (group 1; 5 girls, 19 boys; mean age 10 years; range 5 to 14 years) underwent open reduction with a mini incision, and 21 patients (group 2; 5 girls, 16 boys; mean age 11.5 years; range 8 to 13 years) underwent closed reduction. There were 16 closed, seven Gustilo-Anderson type 1, and one type 2 open fractures in group 1, and 15 closed and six type 1 open fractures in group 2. The mean time to surgery was 5 days (range 1 to 20 days) in group 1, and 3.1 days (range 1 to 5 days) in group 2. Rush rods or Kirschner wires were used for fixation. In group 1, both radius and ulna were fixed in all the patients, whereas fixation involved both bones in 18 patients, and only ulna in three patients in group 2. Functional results were evaluated according to the criteria of Price et al. The mean follow-up period was 33 months (range 12 to 89 months) in group 1, and 37 months (range 14 to 52 months) in group 2. RESULTS: Union was obtained in a mean of 7.1+/-1.0 weeks (range 6 to 9 weeks) in group 1, and 6.5+/-1.0 weeks (range 6 to 10 weeks) in group 2. The implants were removed after a mean of 7.2+/-1.7 weeks (range 6 to 10 weeks) in group 1, and 8.1+/-0.4 weeks (range 8 to 10 weeks) in group 2. The two groups differed significantly with respect to union and implant removal times (p=0.036 and p=0.002, respectively). According to the criteria of Price et al., the results were excellent in 19 patients (79.2%) and 18 patients (85.7%), and good in five patients (20.8%) and three patients (14.3%) in group 1 and 2, respectively. There was no significant difference between the functional results of the two groups (p>0.05). Complications showed a similar profile in the two groups, being one major (4.2%) and seven minor (29.2%) in group 1, one major (4.8%) and eight minor (38.1%) in group 2. None of the patients had complications such as limb-length discrepancy, epiphyseal damage, angular or rotational deformity, synostosis, or limited elbow or forearm range of motion. CONCLUSION: Closed reduction or open reduction with a mini incision before intramedullary nailing yield similar functional results, with a similar complication profile in the treatment of pediatric unstable diaphyseal forearm fractures.

Minimally invasive treatment of distal tibial fractures with locking and non-locking plates.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical performances of stainless steel nonlocking plates and titanium locking plates in minimally invasive medial plating of extra-articular metaphyseal fractures of the distal tibia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2004 and 2006, 43 patients who sustained closed fractures of the distal tibia metaphysis were managed with either a stainless steel nonlocking plate (Group 1, n = 21) or a titanium locking plate (Group 2, n = 22). Clinical and radiographic data were retrospectively reviewed. Function was assessed with use of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot instrument. The average followup period was 25 months. RESULTS: The average AOFAS foot and ankle scores in Group 1 and Group 2 at final followup were 85 and 81, respectively. Fracture reduction was anatomical or nearly anatomical without angular displacement in all cases except one patient in Group 2. (p > 0.05) The average time to full, unprotected weightbearing in Group 1 and Group 2 were 15 weeks and 18 weeks, respectively (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Minimally invasive medial plating with titanium locking plates resulted in prolonged secondary healing both in comminuted and simple fracture patterns compared to conventional stainless steel nonlocking plates. We believe that in biological fixation of distal tibial fractures, similarly good results may be obtained with both materials as the locking technology had a greater effect on stability.

Large diameter metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty for Crowe IV developmental dysplasia of the hip.

The short-term results of middle-aged patients with severe developmental dysplasia of the hip treated with subtrochanteric femoral shortening and cementless large diameter metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty were retrospectively evaluated. Clinical and radiological results of 15 hips of 13 patients with Crowe IV developmental dysplasia of the hip were enrolled in this study. The average follow-up period was 49 months (36-62 months). The average age of patients at the time of surgery was 45.5 years (range, 36-65 years). Radiographs were evaluated for component position, subsidence, loosening, and osteolysis. Intraoperatively, two patients had a small proximal femoral shaft split that was held with a cable wire. The average preoperative Harris hip score was 58; at 3 years, 82. Trendelenburg sign was negative in 11 hips at the last assessment. Loosening, subsidence, infection, dislocation, hypersensitivity and neurovascular complications were not observed. One hip had to be revised 1 year after surgery because of nonunion at the osteotomy site. Our study shows that large diameter metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty, incorporating subtrochanteric femoral shortening, decreases dislocation rate and provides excellent results for the completely dislocated hip.

[Volar locking plate fixation of unstable distal radius fractures]. / Radius alt uç instabil kiriklarinin volar yerlesimli kilitli plakla tespiti.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated radiographic and functional results of volar locking plate fixation of unstable distal radius fractures. METHODS: The study included 27 patients (15 males, 12 females; mean age 45 years; range 18 to 77 years) who were treated with volar locking plate fixation for unstable distal radius fractures. Twenty-two patients (81.5%) had AO type C and five (18.5%) had type B fractures. Two patients (7.4%) had type I open fractures. Dorsal and volar angulation were present in 21 (77.8%) and six (22.2%) fractures, respectively. Four patients (14.8%) also had elbow dislocation and/or fracture and nine patients (33.3%) had disruption of the distal radioulnar joint. Autologous iliac crest graft was used in 10 patients (37%). Postoperative assessments included range of movement and grip strength measurements, and radiographic parameters using the Stewart criteria. Functional results were assessed using the Q-DASH (Quick-Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) questionnaire and the Gartland-Werley scale. The mean follow-up was 18 months (range 12 to 34 months). RESULTS: All fractures united without a problem within a mean of 6.5 weeks (range 6 to 8 weeks). The following parameters became equal to the unaffected side: ulnar variance (n=21, 77.8%), radial inclination angle (n=13, 48.2%), radial tilt angle (n=8, 29.6%), and radial height (n=11, 40.7%). The mean radiographic Stewart score was 0.5 (range 0 to 3). The mean grip strength of the operated side was 72.4% (18 kg) of the normal side. The mean Q-DASH and Gartland-Werley scores were 8.3 (range 0 to 70.5) and 4.7 (range 0 to 16), respectively. According to the Gartland-Werley scale, the results were excellent in 12 patients (44.4%), good in 12 patients, and moderate in three patients (11.1%). Three complications (11.1%) occurred, including loss of alignment in two patients, and screw-related discomfort in one patient. CONCLUSION: Volar locking plate fixation is an effective treatment in the anatomical and functional restoration of unstable distal radius fractures.

[Use of vacuum-assisted closure in the topical treatment of surgical site infections]. / Cerrahi alanda gelisen enfeksiyonlarin tedavisinde vakum yardimli örtüm sistemi uygulamalarimiz.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate the results of vacuum-assisted closure in the topical treatment of surgical site infections. METHODS: Vacuum therapy was performed in 17 patients (10 males, 7 females; mean age 60 + or - 20 years) using the VAC system (Vacuum-Assisted Closure, Kinetic Concept Inc) for the treatment of surgical site infections. Infective wounds were in the hip (n=6), crus (n=5), knee (n=3), sacrum (n=2), and hand (n=1). The causative organism for infections was gram-positive bacteria in 15 patients (88.2%), and six patients (35.3%) had nosocomial infections. The wounds were treated with a negative pressure of 100-125 mmHg applied continuously for the first two days, and then intermittently for the following days. The mean follow-up period was 11 + or - 6 months. RESULTS: The mean duration of vacuum therapy was 16 + or - 4 days and the mean length of hospitalization was 31 + or - 19 days. The patients underwent a mean number of three surgical procedures (range 1 to 6) before vacuum therapy. The mean amount of discharge from the wound was 500 + or - 150 ml. Tissue edema and discharge problems were resolved in all the wounds and a hygienic and dry-looking surgical site was attained. In 11 patients (64.7%), clinical and bacteriologic eradication of infections was achieved at the surgical site through antibiotic use and vacuum therapy. Six patients with nosocomial infections continued to receive antibiotic treatment following resolution of surgical site problems. The mean wound area showed a significant reduction from 36 + or - 14 cm(2) to 11 + or - 10 cm(2) following vacuum therapy (p<0.05). Only two patients (11.8%) required further surgical interventions for the closure of wound site. Two patients (11.8%) complained of pain associated with vacuum application. CONCLUSION: Besides its topical advantages in the care of infected wounds, vacuum-assisted closure provides a more rapid and comfortable treatment opportunity, representing a reliable alternative to conventional wound care methods.

[Early results of open mosaicplasty in osteochondral lesions of the talus]. / Talus osteokondral lezyonlarinda açik mozaikplasti uygulamalarimizin erken dönem sonuçlari.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate early results of open mosaicplasty for the treatment of talus osteochondral lesions associated with chronic complaints. METHODS: The study included eight patients (1 male, 7 females; mean age 35 years; range 18 to 74 years) with osteochondral lesions of the talar dome. The mean duration of symptoms was 11 months and the mean lesion size was 17 x 9 mm. The lesions were of medial localization in five patients, and lateral localization in three patients. According to the Bristol classification, the stages of the lesions were as follows: stage IIa (n=2), IIb (n=1), III (n=2), IV (n=1), and V (n=2). Mosaicplasty was performed via a mini arthrotomy with osteotomy. Functional assessments were made using the AOFAS (American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society) scoring system pre- and postoperatively. Pain was assessed using a visual analog scale. Regeneration of new cartilage tissue at the lesion site was monitored by magnetic resonance imaging. The mean follow-up was 17 months (range 8 to 34 months). RESULTS: The osteotomy site healed in a mean of six weeks in all the patients. The mean pre- and postoperative AOFAS scores were 58 (range 40-68) and 89 (range 80-97), respectively (p<0.005). Pain scores decreased from a mean of 8 (range 5 to 10) to 2 (range 1 to 4; p<0.005). Surgery-related complication was seen in one patient. All the patients returned to preoperative levels of activity and occupation. Magnetic resonance imaging showed graft incorporation in all the patients. CONCLUSION: Open mosaicplasty is a simple, safe, and effective alternative in the treatment of cartilage losses of the talar dome, in particular those of cystic type and exceeding 10 mm in size.

[The results of non-surgical treatment for unstable distal radius fractures in elderly patients].

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate anatomical and functional results of non-surgical treatment for unstable distal radius fractures in the elderly. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients (7 males, 22 females; mean age 72+/-2 years) aged = or > 65 years were treated with closed reduction and short-arm circular casting for unstable distal radius fractures. According to the AO classification, all patients had type C fractures. Anatomical and functional results were assessed using the Stewart criteria and Q-DASH (Quick-Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand) questionnaire, respectively. Bone mineral density measurements were performed. Grip strength and wrist range of motion were measured in comparison to the unaffected side. The mean follow-up was eight months (range 6 to 12 months). RESULTS: Union was achieved in all fractures within a mean of 4+/-1 weeks. Bone mineral density measurements showed osteoporosis in 22 patients (75.9%), and 26 patients (89.7%) had regional osteoporosis in cortical width measurements. After treatment, radiographic measurements showed the following: radius tilt angle +5.6+/-5.4 degrees , inclination angle 17+/-4.6 degrees , radial height 9+/-2.3 mm, and positive ulnar variance 2.8+/-2 mm. Five patients (17.2%) exhibited an articular step-off of less than 1 mm on the radial surface. According to the Stewart criteria, the results were good in 15 patients (51.7%), moderate in 12 patients (41.4%), and poor in two patients (6.9%). The mean Q-DASH score was 38+/-19.2 at three months, and 23+/-2.4 at final follow-up. Grip strength, extension/flexion, and pronation/supination were measured as 57.3+/-12.5%, 52+/-14%, and 75+/-16% of the unaffected side, respectively. Complications were seen in 11 patients (37.9%). Three patients (10.3%) developed malunion which required corrective osteotomy. CONCLUSION: Unstable distal radius fractures can be treated with closed reduction and cast application in low-demand elderly patients to avoid risks and complications of surgery.