An altered pattern of myocardial histopathological and molecular changes underlies the different characteristics of type-1 and type-2 diabetic cardiac dysfunction.

Increasing evidence suggests that both types of diabetes mellitus (DM) lead to cardiac structural and functional changes. In this study we investigated and compared functional characteristics and underlying subcellular pathological features in rat models of type-1 and type-2 diabetic cardiomyopathy. Type-1 DM was induced by streptozotocin. For type-2 DM, Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats were used. Left ventricular pressure-volume analysis was performed to assess cardiac function. Myocardial nitrotyrosine immunohistochemistry, TUNEL assay, hematoxylin-eosin, and Masson's trichrome staining were performed. mRNA and protein expression were quantified by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Marked systolic dysfunction in type-1 DM was associated with severe nitrooxidative stress, apoptosis, and fibrosis. These pathological features were less pronounced or absent, while cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was comparable in type-2 DM, which was associated with unaltered systolic function and increased diastolic stiffness. mRNA-expression of hypertrophy markers c-fos, c-jun, and ß-MHC, as well as pro-apoptotic caspase-12, was elevated in type-1, while it remained unaltered or only slightly increased in type-2 DM. Expression of the profibrotic TGF-ß 1 was upregulated in type-1 and showed a decrease in type-2 DM. We compared type-1 and type-2 diabetic cardiomyopathy in standard rat models and described an altered pattern of key pathophysiological features in the diabetic heart and corresponding functional consequences.

Nitric oxide- and heme-independent activation of soluble guanylate cyclase attenuates peroxynitrite-induced endothelial dysfunction in rat aorta.

Oxidative stress interferes with nitric oxide (NO)/soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signalling pathway through reduction of endogenous NO and formation of the strong intermediate oxidant peroxynitrite and leads to vascular dysfunction. We evaluated the effects of oral treatment with NO- and heme-independent sGC activator cinaciguat on peroxynitrite-induced vascular dysfunction in rat aorta. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated orally 2 times at an interval of 17 hours with vehicle or with cinaciguat (10 mg/kg). One hour after the last treatment, the animals were anesthetized, the thoracic aorta was removed, and the aortic segment preparations were incubated with and without the reactive oxidant peroxynitrite (200 µmol/L, 30 minutes). Endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine), -independent (sodium nitroprusside) vasorelaxations were investigated, and histopathological examination was performed. Incubation of aortic rings with peroxynitrite significantly attenuated the maximal endothelium-dependent relaxation (R (max)) to acetylcholine (peroxynitrite, 44.5% ± 5.9% vs control, 93.2% ± 2.0%, P < .05) and decreased pD(2) values (-logEC(50), EC(50) being the concentration of acetylcholine that elicited 50% of the maximal response) for the concentration-response curves as compared to control segments. Treatment of rats with cinaciguat significantly improved the decreased acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation after exposure of aortic rings to peroxynitrite (cinaciguat + peroxynitrite, 67.1% ± 3.5% vs peroxynitrite, 44.5% ± 5.9%, P < .05). Incubation of aortic segments with peroxynitrite caused a significant shift of the sodium nitroprusside concentration-response curves to the right without any alterations in the R (max). Moreover, exposure of aortic rings to peroxynitrite resulted in increased nitro-oxidative stress and DNA breakage which were improved by cinaciguat. Treatment of rats with cinaciguat significantly increased intracellular cGMP levels in the aortic wall. Our results show under conditions of nitro-oxidative stress when signalling in the NO/sGC/cGMP pathway is impaired, acute activation of sGC by cinaciguat might be advantageous in the treatment of endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease.

Acute ethanol exposure increases the susceptibility of the donor hearts to ischemia/reperfusion injury after transplantation in rats.

BACKGROUND: Many donor organs come from youths involved in alcohol-related accidental death. The use of cardiac allografts for transplantation from donors after acute poisoning is still under discussion while acute ethanol intoxication is associated with myocardial functional and morphological changes. The aims of this work were 1) to evaluate in rats the time-course cardiac effects of acute ethanol-exposure and 2) to explore how its abuse by donors might affect recipients in cardiac pump function after transplantation. METHODS: Rats received saline or ethanol (3.45 g/kg, ip). We evaluated both the mechanical and electrical aspects of cardiac function 1 h, 6 h or 24 h after injection. Plasma cardiac troponin-T and glucose-levels were measured and histological examination of the myocardium was performed. In addition, heart transplantation was performed, in which donors received ethanol 6 h or 24 h prior to explantation. Graft function was measured 1 h or 24 h after transplantation. Myocardial TBARS-concentration was measured; mRNA and protein expression was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS: Ethanol administration resulted in decreased load-dependent (-34 ± 9%) and load-independent (-33 ± 12%) contractility parameters, LV end-diastolic pressure and elevated blood glucose levels at 1 h, which were reversed to the level of controls after 6 h and 24 h. In contrast to systolic dysfunction, active relaxation and passive stiffness are slowly recovered or sustained during 24 h. Moreover, troponin-T-levels were increased at 1 h, 6 h and 24 h after ethanol injection. ST-segment elevation (+47 ± 10%), elongated QT-interval (+38 ± 4%), enlarged cardiomyocyte, DNA-strand breaks, increased both mRNA and protein levels of superoxide dismutase-1, glutathione peroxydase-4, cytochrome-c-oxidase and metalloproteinase-9 were observed 24 h following ethanol-exposure. After heart transplantation, decreased myocardial contractility and relaxation, oxidative stress and altered protein expression were observed. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate acute alcohol abuse increases the susceptibility of donor hearts to ischemia/reperfusion in a rat heart transplant model even though the global contractile function recovers 6 h after ethanol-administration.

Pharmacological activation of soluble guanylate cyclase protects the heart against ischemic injury.

BACKGROUND: The role of the nitric oxide/cGMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase G pathway in myocardial protection and preconditioning has been the object of intensive investigations. The novel soluble guanylate cyclase activator cinaciguat has been reported to elevate intracellular [cGMP] and activate the nitric oxide/cGMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase G pathway in vivo. We investigated the effects of cinaciguat on myocardial infarction induced by isoproterenol in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS: Rats were treated orally twice a day for 4 days with vehicle or cinaciguat (10 mg/kg). Isoproterenol (85 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously 2 days after the first treatment at an interval of 24 hours for 2 days to produce myocardial infarction. After 17 hours, histopathological observations and left ventricular pressure-volume analysis to assess cardiac function with a Millar microtip pressure-volume conductance catheter were performed, and levels of biochemicals of the heart tissues were measured. Gene expression analysis was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Isolated canine coronary arterial rings exposed to peroxynitrite were investigated for vasomotor function, and immunohistochemistry was performed for cGMP and nitrotyrosine. The present results show that cinaciguat treatment improves histopathological lesions, improves cardiac performance, improves impaired cardiac relaxation, reduces oxidative stress, ameliorates intracellular enzyme release, and decreases cyclooxygenase 2, transforming growth factor-beta, and beta-actin mRNA expression in experimentally induced myocardial infarction in rats. In vitro exposure of coronary arteries to peroxynitrite resulted in an impairment of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, increased nitro-oxidative stress, and reduced intracellular cGMP levels, which were all improved by cinaciguat. A cardioprotective effect of postischemic cinaciguat treatment was shown in a canine model of global ischemia/reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacological soluble guanylate cyclase activation could be a novel approach for the prevention and treatment of ischemic heart disease.