[Benefits of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus]. / Bénéfices de l'insulinothérapie par pompe chez les enfants diabétiques de type 1.

BACKGROUND: The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial clearly demonstrated the benefits of blood glucose control, especially in children and adolescents, in the prevention of long-term complications of type 1 diabetes (T1D). This can be achieved with intensive insulin treatment with either multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), also known as insulin pump. The aim of this study was to compare glycemic control of T1D children treated with either CSII or MDI. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-eight T1D children treated with CSII were compared to 38 children treated with MDI, matched for age, gender, and duration of diabetes. Collected data, including daily doses of insulin in IU/kg/d, HbA1c levels, body mass index expressed in standard deviation/age, number of severe hypoglycemia episodes and of admissions related to T1D expressed in events/patient/year, were retrospectively collected every 3 months. RESULTS: There was no difference between the 2 groups at baseline. During the 3 years of follow-up, patients treated with CSII had lower daily doses of insulin (0.78 ± 0.19 vs. 0.87 ± 0.22 IU/kg/d, p<0.05), significantly lower levels of HbA1c (7.5 ± 0.6 vs. 8.0 ± 1.3 %, p<0.05), and a decreased number of admissions related to T1D (0.07 ± 0.14 vs. 0.17 ± 0.22 events/patient/year, p<0.05) than children treated with MDI. In contrast, body mass index and number of severe hypoglycemic episodes did not differ between the two groups. No diabetic ketoacidosis episode was recorded in either group. CONCLUSION: The results from this study suggest that treatment with CSII provided better metabolic control than treatment with MDI, in spite of lower daily doses of insulin and without increasing acute complications, in children with T1D.

[Study of correlations between antibiotics prescriptions and guidelines in a neonatal intensive care unit]. / Etude de la corrélation entre les prescriptions d'antibiotiques et les recommandations dans une unité de soins intensifs néonatals.

UNLABELLED: The increasing use of wide spectrum antibiotics has been reported to be associated with a greater prevalence of multi-resistant bacteria. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to survey the use of antibiotics and to evaluate the correlations between patterns of prescription of antibiotics and prescription guidelines in a neonatal intensive care unit. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this 6-month study, all newborns admitted to the NICU and treated with antibiotics were included. Data regarding criteria of antibiotic prescription, length of treatment, and criteria of withdrawing treatment were collected. The correlation between prescriptions and guidelines was evaluated a posteriori by a non-prescriber physician. One hundred and sixteen newborns were included, of whom nine had received antibiotics on more than one occasion. Mean gestational age was 33.5 weeks. In 82% of cases, the reason for hospitalisation was respiratory distress syndrome. RESULTS: Patients received systemic antibiotics for primary infection (78%), nosocomial infection (17%) and postsurgical prophylaxis (5%). Suspected foeto-maternal infections (SFMI) were the dominant features of primary infection (96%). In 49% of cases, suspected infection was not proven and justified withdrawal of treatment within 3 days. Sixty percent of nosocomial infections occurred in newborns with gestational ages of less than 28 weeks. Bacterial criteria were decision-making factors only in nosocomial infections. An absence of observance of guidelines occurred in 9% of treated newborns, and in most cases involved excessive length of treatment. CONCLUSION: These results show: (1) the majority of antibiotic prescriptions were for not proven SMFI; (2) a low rate of nosocomial infections; (3) the predominance of nosocomial infections in premature newborns; (4) less than 10% of non-observance of guidelines. It appears necessary to develop more precise guidelines to limit antibiotic use and to evaluate them regularly.

[Patent ductal arteriosus occlusion by Rashkind umbrella and by detachable coil]. / Occlusion du canal artériel par ombrelle de Rashkind et par coil détachable.

UNLABELLED: The objective of this study is to report all of our experience of patent ductus arteriosus closure by interventional catheterisation, comparing two systems used successively: Rashkind umbrella and detachable coil. METHOD: Between January 1991 and July 2001, 72 patients underwent cardiac catheterisation in order to occlude patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). In 3 patients closure was not attempted (n = 1) or aborted (n = 2). The 69 patients in whom one or several prostheses were implanted are the object of this retrospective study. The patients were between 10 months and 18 years old (median 4 years), weighing between 6.7 and 54 kg (median 17 kg). The narrowest average angiographic diameter of the PDA was 2.2 mm (1 to 4 mm), type A in the Krichenko classification in 59 cases. The PDA was occluded by an umbrella in 29 patients (group 1), and from 1997 coils were used in 40 patients (group II). The medium term results were evaluated clinically and by colour doppler echocardiography. RESULTS: The age, weight, size and type of PDA were similar in the 2 groups. Group 1: 28 patients were treated with a single umbrella and one patient received 2 umbrellas. Systemic embolisation occurred in one case. The average period of follow-up was from 4 years to 10 years (average 6.5 years). The rate of residual shunt at 24 h, 6 months, and 12 months was 43%, 43%, and 39% respectively. A second implant was necessary in 2 children after 7 months and 30 months. The spontaneous disappearance of residual shunt was observed in 8 patients after between 1 month and 54 months (average 33.5 months). A slight residual shunt persisted in 4 patients (13.7%), 4.5 to 8.5 years after placing one or two umbrellas. The patients with a residual shunt were younger: 37 months versus 73 months (p < 0.05). Group II: 34 patients received a single coil and 6 patients several coils. Two cases of embolic migration and two cases of haemolysis were observed. The follow-up extended from 4 months to 4.5 years (average 2.2 years). The rate of residual shunt at 24 h, 6 months, and 1 year respectively was 35%, 10.5%, and 3.3%. At 6 and 12 months this rate was significantly less in group I (p < 0.01). Implantation of supplementary coils was necessary in 2 children at 24 h and at 9 months. Spontaneous disappearance of residual shunt occurred in 10 children out of 14 with an average interval of 5.5 months. A weak residual shunt remained detectable in 2 patients (5%) at 6 months and 36 months. CONCLUSION: The rate of initial residual shunt is comparable using both techniques. Spontaneous disappearance of residual shunts was observed in the majority of cases, but with the detachable coils this outcome is faster and the final rate for residual shunt is very low.

[Secondary displacement of an Amplatz occluder for atrial septal defect. 2 case reports]. / Déplacement secondaire d'une prothèse d'Amplatz de communication interauriculaire. A propos de 2 cas.

The authors report two cases of secondary displacement of an Amplatz occluder of isolated ostium secundum atrial septal defects. The displacement was observed at 1 month and the prosthesis removed at 3 months. To the best of the authors' knowledge, these are the first two reported cases of secondary displacement of this type of device. The main risk factor in the two cases was the absence of a subaortic septal remnant observed at surgical removal. This anatomical characteristic can be identified by transoesophageal echocardiography, but was poorly assessed by transthoracic echocardiography. Three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography should improve selection of atrial septal defects suitable for percutaneous treatment by better identification of their form and anatomical characteristics.

[Acute intravascular hemolysis after complete occlusion of a patent ductus arteriosus by detachable coils]. / Hémolyse intravasculaire aiguë après occlusion complète d'un canal artériel par coils détachables.

A case of acute intravascular haemolysis after complete occlusion of a patent ductus arteriosus by detachable coils in a 10 months old child is reported. The child had a patent ductus arteriosus, a small secundum atrial defect, mild valvular pulmonary stenosis, and stenosis of branches of the pulmonary artery not diagnosed before closure of the ductus. Haemolysis developed several hours after complete occlusion of the ductus by two detachable coils. The mechanism of the haemolysis was thought to be the presence of metallic spirals in the left pulmonary artery, just beyond stenosis situated at the origin of this artery. Simple balloon dilatation of the left pulmonary artery stenosis resulted in the complete regression of haemolysis.