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OBJECTIVES: Examine family safety-reporting after implementing a parent-nurse-physician-leader coproduced, health literacy-informed, family safety-reporting intervention for hospitalized families of children with medical complexity. METHODS: We implemented an English and Spanish mobile family-safety-reporting tool, staff and family education, and process for sharing comments with unit leaders on a dedicated inpatient complex care service at a pediatric hospital. Families shared safety concerns via predischarge surveys (baseline and intervention) and mobile tool (intervention). Three physicians with patient safety expertise classified events. We compared safety-reporting baseline (via survey) versus intervention (via survey and/or mobile tool) with generalized estimating equations and sub-analyzed data by COVID-19-era and educational attainment. We also compared mobile tool-detected event rates with hospital voluntary incident reporting. RESULTS: 232 baseline and 208 intervention parents participated (78.2% consented); 29.5% of baseline families versus 38.2% of intervention families reported safety concerns (P = .09). Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) of families reporting safety concerns intervention versus baseline was 1.6 (1.0-2.6) overall, 2.6 (1.3-5.4) for those with < college education, and 3.1 (1.3-7.3) in the COVID-19-era subgroup. Safety concerns reported via mobile tool (34.6% of enrolled parents) included 42 medical errors, 43 nonsafety-related quality issues, 11 hazards, and 4 other. 15% of mobile tool concerns were also detected with voluntary incident reporting. CONCLUSIONS: Family safety-reporting was unchanged overall after implementing a mobile reporting tool, though reporting increased among families with lower educational attainment and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The tool identified many events not otherwise captured by staff-only voluntary incident reporting. Hospitals should proactively engage families in reporting to improve safety, quality, and equity.
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hospitalized families who use languages other than English (LOE) for care encounter unique communication challenges, as do children with medical complexity (CMC). We sought to better understand communication challenges and opportunities to improve care of families who use LOE from the perspectives of hospital staff and Spanish-speaking parents of CMC. METHODS: This qualitative project involved secondary analysis of transcripts from a study on family safety reporting at 2 quaternary care children's hospitals and additional primary data collection (interviews) of staff and parents. Bilingual researchers conducted audio-recorded, semistructured interviews with staff and Spanish-speaking parents of CMC during/after hospitalization. We professionally transcribed and translated interviews and developed, iteratively refined, and validated a codebook. Three independent researchers coded interviews using qualitative descriptive methodology and identified emerging themes through thematic analysis. RESULTS: We coded 49 interviews (13 parents, 11 physicians, 13 nurses, 6 allied health professionals, 6 leaders). Five themes emerged: (1) assumptions and bias regarding specific groups who use LOE for care, (2) importance of trust and relationships, (3) importance of language-concordant care, (4) workarounds to address communication challenges, and (5) the "double-edged" sword of technology. Participant-suggested strategies to improve communication included increasing interpreter access for parents and staff, optimizing technology use, and minimizing bias and assumptions through training. CONCLUSIONS: Parents of CMC and staff identified challenges and opportunities related to communicating with hospitalized families who use LOE for care. Solutions to improve communication and safety for these families should be attuned to needs of all parties involved.
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Criança Hospitalizada , Barreiras de Comunicação , Hispânico ou Latino , Relações Profissional-Família , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Humanos , Criança , Masculino , Feminino , Pais/psicologia , Hospitais Pediátricos , Comunicação , Entrevistas como Assunto , Pré-EscolarRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe the process of identifying and reporting inpatient safety concerns from the perspective of parents of children with medical complexity (CMC). METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis of qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with 31 English and Spanish-speaking parents of CMC at two tertiary children's hospitals. Interviews lasted 45-60 minutes and were audio-recorded, translated, and transcribed. Three researchers inductively and deductively coded transcripts using an iteratively refined codebook with validation by a fourth researcher. Thematic analysis was used to develop a conceptual model of the process of inpatient parent safety reporting. RESULTS: We identified four steps illustrating the process of inpatient parent safety concern reporting 1) parent recognizing concern, 2) parent reporting concern, 3) staff/hospital response continuum, and 4) parent feelings of validation/invalidation. Many parents endorsed that they were the first to catch a safety concern and were identified as unique reporters of safety information. Parents typically described reporting their concerns verbally and in real-time to the person they felt could quickly remedy the situation. There was a spectrum of validation. Some parents reported their concerns were not acknowledged and addressed, which led them to feel overlooked, disregarded, or judged. Others reported their concerns were acknowledged and addressed, resulting in parents feeling heard and seen and often leading to changes in clinical care. CONCLUSIONS: Parents described a multi-step process of reporting safety concerns during hospitalization and a spectrum of staff response and validation. These findings can inform family-centered interventions that support safety concern reporting in the inpatient setting.
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Hospitalização , Pacientes Internados , Humanos , Criança , Pais , Hospitais Pediátricos , Atitude Frente a SaúdeRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Despite compelling evidence that patients and families report valid and unique safety information, particularly for children with medical complexity (CMC), hospitals typically do not proactively solicit patient or family concerns about patient safety. We sought to understand parent, staff, and hospital leader perspectives about family safety reporting in CMC to inform future interventions. METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted at 2 tertiary care children's hospitals with dedicated inpatient complex care services. A research team conducted approximately 60-minute semistructured, individual interviews with English and Spanish-speaking parents of CMC, physicians, nurses, and hospital leaders. Audio-recorded interviews were translated, transcribed, and verified. Two researchers coded data inductively and deductively developed and iteratively refined the codebook with validation by a third researcher. Thematic analysis allowed for identification of emerging themes. RESULTS: We interviewed 80 participants (34 parents, 19 nurses and allied health professionals, 11 physicians, and 16 hospital leaders). Four themes related to family safety reporting were identified: (1) unclear, nontransparent, and variable existing processes, (2) a continuum of staff and leadership buy-in, (3) a family decision-making calculus about whether to report, and (4) misaligned staff and parent priorities and expectations. We also identified potential strategies for engaging families and staff in family reporting. CONCLUSIONS: Although parents were deemed experts about their children, buy-in about the value of family safety reporting among staff and leaders varied, staff and parent priorities and expectations were misaligned, and family decision-making around reporting was complex. Strategies to address these areas can inform design of family safety reporting interventions attuned to all stakeholder groups.
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Pais , Médicos , Criança , Hospitalização , Hospitais , Humanos , Pesquisa QualitativaRESUMO
Ionic liquids (ILs) are effective in pretreating cellulose for enhanced enzymatic saccharification, however ILs can inactivate cellulases. To guide the selection of ILs, the activity of cellulase was correlated with COSMO-RS calculations and descriptors of ILs including hydrogen bond (H-bond) basicity/acidity, polarity and ion size. Trends were deduced using an anion-series and a cation-series of ionic liquids in aqueous solutions. The activity in the cation-series was best correlated with the size of varied cations, whereas the activity in the anion-series showed a pronounced correlation to H-bond basicity and polarity of different anions. COSMO-RS was further used to predict the solubility of cellulose in ILs, which was correlated with cellulase activity on IL-pretreated cellulose. The best correlations were found between the enzyme activity in the anion-series ILs and the logarithmic activity coefficients, the H-bond energy, H-bond basicity and polarizability, underlining that the anion plays a crucial role in cellulose dissolution.
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Celulase/química , Celulase/metabolismo , Líquidos Iônicos/química , Ânions/química , Cátions/química , Celulose/química , Estabilidade Enzimática , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Hidrólise , Modelos Teóricos , Tamanho da PartículaRESUMO
A novel series of lysine-based ampholytic amphiphiles, with alkylsuccinic anhydrides of varying chain lengths as hydrophobic acylating agents, were synthesized in medium to high yield (50.23-90.15%) based on a facile, catalyst-free method in water medium; and structurally confirmed by mass spectrometry (MS), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, and 1H/13C nuclear magnetic resonances (NMR) analysis. The resulting compounds were subjected to pH-dependent amphiphilic property, ferrous ion chelating, DPPH antioxidant capacity, and cytotoxicity analyses. Results showed that CMC values decrease, γ value increase, and emulsion stability increase with the increase of medium pH, suggesting that the surface activity of synthetic compounds at air/water and oil/water interface under neutral and alkaline conditions was remarkably higher than that under acidic condition. Lauryl O-acylated malic lysine (compound 4b) presented excellent foaming ability close to commercial detergent sodium dodecyl sulphate; dodecyl succinic lysine (compound 4a) afforded highly stable o/w nanoemulsion. Moreover, compound 4b displayed comparable ferrous ion chelating property to lysine and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidative capacity similar to a commercial food ingredient, diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides (DATEM), indicating its multi-faceted functionalities. A cytotoxicity study of compounds 3b &4b showed that they were non-toxic. Thus, these novel ampholytic amphiphiles may find multi-purpose applications in food, detergent, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industry.
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Lisina/síntese química , Anidridos Succínicos/síntese química , Tensoativos/síntese química , Água/química , Alquilação , Antioxidantes/síntese química , Antioxidantes/química , Linhagem Celular , Emulsões/síntese química , Emulsões/química , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Lisina/química , Anidridos Succínicos/química , Tensoativos/químicaRESUMO
In recent years, 3D-printing has received high attention globally in personalized meal production and customized food design for its potential advantages over traditional processing. For a material to be printed it needs to be easily extruded from the nozzle of the printer and it needs to hold its structure after deposition. Additives such as thickening and gelling agents can be used for a food system to achieve suitable structure for printing. Various literature reports have demonstrated that rheological properties such as the storage modulus, yield stress, consistency index and flow behavior index can predict the printability of a material and 3D-printer parameters such as nozzle speed movement and layer height have an impact on the final quality of the printed structure. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of macronutrients printability and 3D-printer parameters on 3D-food printing, and offers new opportunities to bring 3D-food printing for personalized meal production closer to industry application.
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Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Impressão Tridimensional/instrumentação , Fenômenos Químicos , Alimentos , Refeições , Nutrientes , ReologiaRESUMO
Surface charge engineering has received considerable interest from the scientific and industrial community in the last few decades. Although it was previously hypothesized that the surface charge-charge interactions were not a fundamental force to determine protein folding and stability, many studies today show that surface charge plays a key role determining protein structure and activity. This review aims to (a) highlight the value of surface charged engineering of proteins to improve enzyme stability and activity in aqueous media and in the presence of ionic liquids (ILs) and organic solvents, (b) describe the existing approaches (genetic engineering or chemical modifications) for surface charged engineering, and (c) demonstrate the applicability of these surface charged enzymes in biocatalysis. The review provides a new foundation for the scientific and research community to exploit the surface engineering of protein concept for the development of new enzymes that are more active and stable in the presence of ILs and organic solvents, thereby offering new opportunities for industrial biocatalysis. Furthermore, this review is a useful tool for researchers to decide the best available technology to improve their enzyme system/process.
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Biocatálise , Enzimas/química , Enzimas/genética , Líquidos Iônicos/química , Engenharia de Proteínas , Estabilidade Enzimática/genética , Propriedades de SuperfícieRESUMO
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has emerged as a fast, reliable, non-invasive and sensitive method to determine the distribution, localization and reactivity of labelled ingredients in micro-heterogeneous systems. However, the commercially available probe molecules are very limited. In the present work, five new nitroxide [(4-hydroxy-2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPOL)] derivatives (1b-5b) of diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides (DATEM) (1a-5a), a widely used food emulsifier, were synthesized under Steglich conditions and characterized by MS (mass-spectrometry), FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), EPR, NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy), fluorescence spectroscopy, and DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) analysis. Phase partitioning studies proved that the new spin labels are adequately capable of describing the localizations and partitioning of the corresponding DATEM in multi-phase systems. Findings disclosed in this work will provide new knowledge on ingredient reactivity and localization in multi-phase systems; which is vital to aid the design of more efficient delivery systems for bioactive compounds.
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Diacetil/química , Ésteres/química , Monoglicerídeos/química , Marcadores de Spin/síntese química , Tartaratos/química , Espectroscopia de Ressonância de Spin Eletrônica , Emulsificantes/químicaRESUMO
A facile and two-step strategy was employed to synthesize a series of novel aspartic-acid-based ampholytic amphiphiles from sustainable and commercially viable substances as starting materials. The molecular structures of the synthetic compounds were well-identified by mass spectrometry and 1H/13C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, and the physicochemical, pH-dependent foaming, and emulsifying properties were evaluated by the use of multiple techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, Langmuir-Blodgett study, and fluorescence microscopy imaging. As a result of the co-existence of amino and carboxyl groups in the synthetic compounds, the compounds presented varying charges (cationic, ampholytic, and anionic) depending upon the pH of the medium compared to the dissociation constants (p Ka). Compounds with cationic (pH 1.0) and anionic (pH 9.0) forms had significantly higher γ0.1 and critical micelle concentration values than those with ampholytic forms (pH 7.0). sn-1-Lauroyl- sn-3-aspartic acid (compound 3) at neutral and alkaline conditions displayed comparable foaming properties, including foaming, calcium-tolerant, and temperature-resistant abilities, with commercial sulfonate sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and thus might be a promising alternative to SDS, applied in personal care products and detergent formula. sn-1-Palmtoyl- sn-3-aspartic acid (compound 5a) with an ampholytic structure was proven as the most excellent stabilizer for the preparation of oil-in-water emulsions compared to palmityl aspartic acid (compound 5b), commercial food ingredient diacetyltartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides, and glyceride monopalmitate at aqueous phase pH 7.0. Thus, it has promising use as a pH-dependent emulsifying agent in various fields.
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Ácido Aspártico/química , Óleos/química , Tensoativos/química , Água/química , Emulsões/química , Glicerídeos/química , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Dodecilsulfato de Sódio/química , Tensoativos/síntese química , TemperaturaRESUMO
Despite a successful application of solvent-free liquid protein (biofluids) concept to a number of commercial enzymes, the technical advantages of enzyme biofluids as hyperthermal stable biocatalysts cannot be fully utilized as up to 90-99% of native activities are lost when enzymes were made into biofluids. With a two-step strategy (site-directed mutagenesis and synthesis of variant biofluids) on Bacillus subtilis lipase A (BsLA), we elucidated a strong dependency of structure and activity on the number and distribution of polymer surfactant binding sites on BsLA surface. Here, it is demonstrated that improved BsLA variants can be engineered via site-mutagenesis by a rational design, either with enhanced activity in aqueous solution in native form, or with improved physical property and increased activity in solvent-free system in the form of a protein liquid. This work answered some fundamental questions about the surface characteristics for construction of biofluids, useful for identifying new strategies for developing advantageous biocatalysts.
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Lipase/química , Polímeros/química , Tensoativos/química , Bacillus subtilis/enzimologia , Sítios de Ligação , Lipase/genética , Lipase/metabolismo , Mutagênese Sítio-Dirigida , Mutação , Polímeros/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , Tensoativos/metabolismoRESUMO
HYPOTHESIS: Caffeoyl malate anhydride, as a good nucleophilic acceptor, can react with lipophilic fatty alcohols to yield interface-confined amphiphiles. The resulting novel molecules are hypothesized to deliver combined functionalities of parent natural building blocks, as emulsifier, stabilizer, ion chelator and free radical scavenger. EXPERIMENTS: Ring-opening reactions of caffeoyl malate anhydride with fatty alcohols of different chain lengths generated a new group of antioxidant amphiphiles. Structural verification was by MS (mass spectrometry), 1H/13C NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and FT-IR (Fourier transform infra-red) spectroscopy. Physicochemical characterization was done by use of DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), FT-IR, determinations of critical micelle concentrations (CMC) and calculations of HLB. Antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies demonstrated surface-activity of G8-G18. Inhibition of iron- and thermally-accelerated lipid oxidation was monitored by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. FINDINGS: Derivatization of caffeoyl malate anhydride with fatty alcohols maintained free radical scavenging activity, and improved hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of caffeic acid. Lipid oxidation at 22⯰C was significantly inhibited (up to 3.5 times) in emulsions stabilized by G8-G18 with or without chitosan compared to emulsions stabilized by commercial emulsifiers and stabilizers. Thermal oxidation (at 80⯰C) was 10 times less in emulsions facilitated by G8-G18 in combination with chitosan compared to emulsions stabilized by commercial emulsifiers and stabilizers. This study has developed a simple and straightforward approach for developing value-added compounds from underexplored fatty alcohols.
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OBJECTIVES: Prevalence of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) and potential prescribing omissions (PPOs). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study through review of residents' records. SETTING: Three nursing homes of Puerto Rico's metropolitan area. PARTICIPANTS: Nursing home residents. INTERVENTION: Records of residents 65 years of age and older with documented medications and chronic diseases were reviewed. Hospitalized and hospice/palliative care residents were excluded. Beers criteria-2015 and START-STOPP criteria-2014 were applied to identify PIMs and PPOs. Beers criteria versus STOPP criteria findings were compared. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Prevalence of PIMs and PPOs in relation to residents' baseline characteristics. RESULTS: One hundred four records were reviewed. Categorical variables were analyzed by Fisher's exact test and chi square test; t-tests established a relationship between variables and the prevalence of PIMs and PPOs. The quantity of PIMs was analyzed through frequency and percentage values. A statistically significant correlation was found between prescribed medications and PIMs detected using Beers criteria (P-value = 0.031) and STOPP modified criteria (P-value = 0.0002). No statistically significant data were obtained from the START criteria. CONCLUSION: Beers criteria were more effective identifying PIMs compared with STOPP criteria. The number of prescribed medications correlated directly to the number of identified PIMs. Additional studies where these tools are applied, and clinical pharmacist interventions are performed, should confirm an improved management of nursing home residents' drug therapy in Puerto Rico.
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Prescrição Inadequada/estatística & dados numéricos , Casas de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Lista de Medicamentos Potencialmente Inapropriados , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Transversais , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Farmacêuticos , Prevalência , Porto RicoRESUMO
Bioconjugates established between anionic polyethylene glycol (PEG) based polymers and cationic proteins have proven to be a promising strategy to engineer thermostable biocatalysts. However, the enzyme activity of these bioconjugates is very low and the mechanism of non-covalent PEG-stabilization is yet to be understood. This work presents experimental and molecular dynamics simulation studies, using lipase-polymer surfactant nanoconjugates from mesophile Rhizomucor miehei (RML), performed to evaluate the effect of PEG on enzyme stability and activity. Results demonstrated that the number of hydrogen bonds between the cationized RML and PEG chain correlates with enzyme thermostability. In addition, an increase of both the number of PEG-polymers units and cationization degree of the enzyme leads to a decrease of enzyme activity. Modelling with SAXS data of aqueous solutions of the biofluid lipases agrees with previous hypothesis that these enzymes contain a core constituted of folded protein confined by a shell of surfactants. Together results provide valuable insight into the mechanism of non-covalent PEG mediated protein stabilization relevant for engineering active and thermostable biofluids. Furthermore, the first biofluids RML with activity comparable to their cationized counterpart are presented.
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Lipase/química , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Catálise , Dicroísmo Circular , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Rhizomucor/enzimologia , Espalhamento a Baixo Ângulo , Espectrofotometria Ultravioleta , Tensoativos/química , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
HYPOTHESIS: In multi-phase systems, many complex reactions take place at the interface where a molecule equipped with manifold functionalities is demanded. By taking advantage of the surface-active property of phosphatidylcholine (PC) scaffold and antioxidant properties of phenolic acids, new multifunctional molecules are generated, which are expected to confer physical and oxidative stability to sensitive bioactive ingredients in delivery systems. EXPERIMENTS: This work reports a successful synthesis of two new arrays of phenophospholipids sn-1-acyl(C12-C18)-sn-2-caffeoyl and sn-1-caffeoyl-sn-2-acyl phosphatidylcholines via mild scalable regiospecific pathways; as structurally verified by MS, 1H/13C NMR analyses, and characterized by critical micelle concentrations (CMC), FTIR, and DSC analysis. Synthesized phenophospholipids are subjected to stabilizing o/w emulsion, and antioxidation tests as demonstrated by TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assays. FINDINGS: This study has demonstrated that; (1) phenophospholipids with a broad spectrum of CMC are created, affording superior emulsion stability than soybean PC; (2) all phenophospholipids present improved oxidation inhibition and sn-2-caffeoyl phenophospholipids display superior performance to sn-1-caffeoyl phenophospholipids, soybean PC or admixture of caffeic acid and soybean PC; (3) incorporation of caffeoyl in PC scaffold does not sacrifice radical scavenging ability of caffeic acid, whilst the ion chelating capacity of sn-1-myristoyl(C14)-sn-2-caffeoyl PC enhance by 4.5 times compared to soy PC. Fluorescence Microscopy imaging verified the location of phenophospholipids in the interface as desired. Among synthetic phenophospholipids, sn-1-myristoyl(C14)-sn-2-caffeoyl PC commits the cut-off effect in most desired functionalities, which might be of great potential for multi-purpose applications.
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Latent transforming growth factor binding proteins (LTBP) are a family of extracellular matrix glycoproteins that play an important role in the regulation of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) activation. Dysregulation of the TGF-ß pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inherited disorders predisposing to thoracic aortic aneurysms syndromes (TAAS) including Marfan syndrome (MFS; FBN1) and Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS; TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TGFB2, TGFB3, SMAD2, SMAD3). While these syndromes have distinct clinical criteria, they share clinical features including aortic root dilation and musculoskeletal findings. LTBP1 is a component of the TGF-ß pathway that binds to fibrillin-1 in the extracellular matrix rendering TGF-ß inactive. We describe a three-generation family case series with a heterozygous â¼5.1 Mb novel contiguous gene deletion of chromosome 2p22.3-p22.2 involving 11 genes, including LTBP1. The deletion has been identified in the proband, father and grandfather, who all have a phenotype consistent with a TAAS. Findings include thoracic aortic dilation, ptosis, malar hypoplasia, high arched palate, retrognathia, pes planus, hindfoot deformity, obstructive sleep apnea, and low truncal tone during childhood with joint laxity that progressed to reduced joint mobility over time. While the three affected individuals did not meet criteria for either MFS or LDS, they shared features of both. Although the deletion includes 11 genes, given the relationship between LTBP1, TGF-ß, and fibrillin-1, LTBP1 stands out as one of the possible candidate genes for the clinical syndrome observed in this family. More studies are necessary to evaluate the potential role of LTBP1 in the pathophysiology of TAAS.
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Aneurisma da Aorta Torácica/diagnóstico , Aneurisma da Aorta Torácica/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 2 , Deleção de Genes , Estudos de Associação Genética , Adulto , Idoso , Alelos , Biomarcadores , Pré-Escolar , Hibridização Genômica Comparativa , Diagnóstico por Imagem , Família , Feminino , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Mutação , Linhagem , Fenótipo , SíndromeRESUMO
Nine synthetic amphiphilic phenolic lipids, varied in phenolic moiety (caffeoyl/dimethylcaffeoyl) and fatty acid chain lengths (8-18) were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), temperature-ramp Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). FT-IR and DSC results revealed that the physical state and lateral packing of synthetic molecules were largely governed by fatty acyls. The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of synthetic lipids was in the range of 0.1 mM to 2.5 mM, affording generation of stable oil-in-water emulsions; as evidenced by the creaming index (<5%) of emulsions stabilized by compounds C12âC16, and C12aâC16a after 7 days' storage. AFM analysis revealed that compound C14 formed stable double-layers films of 5.2 nm and 6.7 nm. Application studies showed that formulations stabilized by synthesized compounds containing 30% fish oil had superior physical and oxidative stability compared to formulations containing commercial emulsifiers or their mixtures with phenolic acids. Moreover, the synthetic compounds were non-toxic against in vitro transformed keratinocytes from histologically normal skin and Caco-2 cell lines. This study demonstrates the relevance of using a natural hydroxycarboxylic acid as a flexible linker between natural antioxidants, glycerol and fatty acids to generate multifunctional amphiphiles with potential applications in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry.
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Lipídeos/química , Fenóis/química , Antioxidantes/síntese química , Antioxidantes/química , Células CACO-2 , Varredura Diferencial de Calorimetria , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Emulsões/química , Humanos , Lipídeos/farmacologia , Micelas , Microscopia de Força Atômica , Oxirredução , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de FourierRESUMO
Multi-functional phenolic emulsifiers were prepared by covalently coupling ß-Lactoglobulin (ßLg) to caffeic acid (CA) using crosslinker chemistry at different pH conditions (pH 2.5, 6.0, and 8.5). The resulting bioconjugates were characterized by MALDI-TOF MS, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fluorescence-quenching, infrared and circular dichroism spectroscopies. Furthermore, the emulsifying and antioxidant properties of ßLg-CA conjugates were evaluated and compared to native ß-Lactoglobulin and the non-covalent ß-lactoglobulin/caffeic complex (ßLg/CA). Results showed: 1) An optimal molar ratio (8:1) of caffeic acid to ßLg was obtained at pH 6; 2) DPPH activity of ßLg-CA increases as the number of CA units coupled increases; 3) ßLg-CA conjugates displayed comparable or superior water solubility than native ßLg and ßLg/CA. Moreover, DSC results showed that coupling of CA with ßLg significantly increased the thermal stability of ßLg. In summary, ßLg-CA conjugates can act as effective antioxidant emulsifiers and stabilizers and may find application in food and cosmetic industries.
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Proteínas do Leite/análise , Animais , Fenômenos Químicos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Lactoglobulinas , Leite , FenóisRESUMO
l-Ascorbic acid (l-AA) is an essential nutrient that is extremely unstable and cannot be synthesized by the human body. Therefore, attempts have been performed to develop biologically active l-AA derivatives with improved stability. This work presents a facile, scalable, and efficient enzymatic transgalactosylation of lactose to l-AA using ß-glucosidase (TN0602) from Thermotoga naphthophila RKU-10. ß-Glucosidase TN0602 displays high transgalactosylation activity at pH 5.0, 75 °C, and l-AA/lactose ratio of 2:1 to form a novel l-AA derivative [2-O-ß-d-galactopyranosyl-l-ascorbic acid (l-AA-Gal)] with a maximal productivity of 138.88 mmol L-1 in 12 h, which is higher than most reports of enzymatic synthesis of l-AA-α-glucoside. Synthetic l-AA-Gal retains most l-AA antioxidant capability and presents dramatically higher stability than l-AA in an oxidative environment (Cu2+). In conclusion, this work reports a new way to valorize dairy waste lactose into a novel molecule l-AA-Gal, which could be a promising l-AA derivative to be used in a wide range of applications.