Relevance of the Adjuvant Effect between Cellular Homeostasis and Resistance to Antibiotics in Gram-Negative Bacteria with Pathogenic Capacity: A Study of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Antibiotic resistance has become a global issue. The most significant risk is the acquisition of these mechanisms by pathogenic bacteria, which can have a severe clinical impact and pose a public health risk. This problem assumes that bacterial fitness is a constant phenomenon and should be approached from an evolutionary perspective to develop the most appropriate and effective strategies to contain the emergence of strains with pathogenic potential. Resistance mechanisms can be understood as adaptive processes to stressful conditions. This review examines the relevance of homeostatic regulatory mechanisms in antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. We focus on the interactions in the cellular physiology of pathogenic bacteria, particularly Gram-negative bacteria, and specifically Klebsiella pneumoniae. From a clinical research perspective, understanding these interactions is crucial for comprehensively understanding the phenomenon of resistance and developing more effective drugs and treatments to limit or attenuate bacterial sepsis, since the most conserved adjuvant phenomena in bacterial physiology has turned out to be more optimized and, therefore, more susceptible to alterations due to pharmacological action.

Genome analysis of haloalkaline isolates from the soda saline crater lake of Isabel Island; comparative genomics and potential metabolic analysis within the genus Halomonas.

BACKGROUND: Isabel Island is a Mexican volcanic island primarily composed of basaltic stones. It features a maar known as Laguna Fragatas, which is classified as a meromictic thalassohaline lake. The constant deposition of guano in this maar results in increased levels of phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon. The aim of this study was to utilize high-quality genomes from the genus Halomonas found in specialized databases as a reference for genome mining of moderately halophilic bacteria isolated from Laguna Fragatas. This research involved genomic comparisons employing phylogenetic, pangenomic, and metabolic-inference approaches. RESULTS: The Halomonas genus exhibited a large open pangenome, but several genes associated with salt metabolism and homeostatic regulation (ectABC and betABC), nitrogen intake through nitrate and nitrite transporters (nasA, and narGI), and phosphorus uptake (pstABCS) were shared among the Halomonas isolates. CONCLUSIONS: The isolated bacteria demonstrate consistent adaptation to high salt concentrations, and their nitrogen and phosphorus uptake mechanisms are highly optimized. This optimization is expected in an extremophile environment characterized by minimal disturbances or abrupt seasonal variations. The primary significance of this study lies in the dearth of genomic information available for this saline and low-disturbance environment. This makes it important for ecosystem conservation and enabling an exploration of its biotechnological potential. Additionally, the study presents the first two draft genomes of H. janggokensis.

Improvement of Akanthomyces lecanii resistance to tebuconazole through UV-C radiation and selective pressure on microbial evolution and growth arenas.

Tebuconazole (TEB) is a fungicide widely used in agriculture; however, its constant application has increased the emergence of resistant plant pathogenic fungal strains and reduced the effectiveness of fungi as biological control agents; for instance, the entomopathogenic and hyperparasitic fungus Akanthomyces lecanii, suitable for simultaneous biological control of insect pest and plant pathogenic fungi, is highly sensitive to fungicides. We carried out the induction of resistance to TEB in two wild type strains of A. lecanii by UV radiation and selective pressure in increasing fungicide gradients using a modified Microbial Evolution and Growth Arena (MEGA), to produce A. lecanii strains that can be used as biological control agent in the presence of tebuconazole. Nine UV-induced and three naturally adapted A. lecanii strains were resistant to TEB at the agriculturally recommended dose, and three irradiated strains were resistant to TEB concentration ten times higher; moreover, growth, sporulation rates, production of hydrolytic enzymes, and virulence against the hemipteran Coccus viridis, a major pest of coffee crops, were not affected in the TEB-resistant strains. These A. lecanii TEB-resistant strains would have a greater opportunity to develop and to establish themselves in fields where the fungicide is present and can be used in a combined biological-chemical strategy to improve insect and plant pathogenic fungal control in agriculture. Also, the selective pressure through modified MEGA plate methodology can be used for the adaptation of entomopathogenic filamentous fungi to withstand other chemical or abiotic stresses that limits its effectiveness for pest control.

Efficacy and Safety of the Adjuvant Use of Probiotic Bacillus clausii Strains in Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.

OBJECTIVES: Current irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) treatments have limited efficacy and probiotics like Bacillus clausii (B. clausii) were found to be effective in the management of several gastrointestinal disorders. This phase III trial assessed the efficacy and safety of adding B. clausii (four strains: O/C, N/R, SIN, T), versus placebo, to conventional treatment of pediatric IBS in Mexico. METHODS: Patients aged 6-17 years 11 months with IBS (Rome IV) for at least 2 months were randomized to receive either B. clausii (oral suspension, total dose 4 billion spores/day) or placebo once daily for 8 weeks. All patients also received conventional treatment. The primary endpoint was the difference in the proportion of patients with clinical improvements at Week 8 (Global Assessment Questions [GAQ]). Secondary endpoints included responders by Subject's Global Assessment of Relief for Children with IBS (SGARC); number/consistency of stools; abdominal distention/bloating; abdominal pain/intensity; and IBS behavior. RESULTS: 73.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 67.3-80.0; B. clausii n = 129) and 78.5% (95% CI 72.5-84.4; placebo n = 130) of patients had symptom improvement (p = 0.8182). For Week 8 SGARC, 19.2% (B. clausii) and 20.9% (placebo) reported complete symptom relief. Stool evaluations, bloating, abdominal pain/intensity, and IBS behavior were similar between groups. Both treatments were well tolerated. CONCLUSION: No significant differences in efficacy between B. clausii and placebo were demonstrated in addition to conventional treatment. The sample size calculation was based on an expected placebo/conventional treatment response of 30-40%. However, the actual treatment response observed was 80% and, thus, a study with larger population would be warranted. In addition, this study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, when such controlled social conditions may have resulted in better diet, greater family stability, less psychological stress, and lower risk of infections exacerbating IBS, thereby improving symptoms in both groups. EUDRACT NUMBER: 2018-004519-31.

Bacillus clausii for Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Narrative Literature Review.

The gut microbiota is intrinsically linked to human health; disturbances in microbial homeostasis are implicated in both intestinal and extraintestinal disorders. Probiotics are "live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host," and many commercial preparations comprising a diverse range of species are available. While probiotics have been much researched, better understanding of the probiotic effects and applications of species such as Bacillus clausii is warranted. In this narrative literature review, we review the characteristics and mechanisms of action supporting B. clausii as a probiotic and discuss the evidence from clinical studies evaluating B. clausii probiotics for the management of a variety of gastrointestinal disorders and symptoms in children and adults. Finally, we highlight the challenges of future research and the need for more robust and diverse clinical evidence to guide physicians in the clinical application of probiotics for gastrointestinal disorders and other conditions.

Utilidad del apósito liofilizado de piel de cerdo en el manejo de cicatrización de úlcera de pie diabético / Usefulness of lyophilized pig skin dressings in wound healing as treatment for diabetic foot ulcer

Resumen Objetivo: Mostrar la utilidad del apósito liofilizado de piel de cerdo comparado con el manejo conservador con sulfadiazina de plata en el proceso de cicatrización de la úlcera de pie diabético. Materiales y Método: Estudio cuasiexperimental en pacientes con diagnóstico de pie diabético, se establecieron 2 grupos de estudio utilizando una relación 2:1, el grupo de exposición (10 pacientes) tratado con apósito liofilizado de piel de cerdo y el grupo de control (5 pacientes) manejado con sulfadiazina de plata. La utilidad se midió con la cicatrización en semanas de tratamiento. El análisis estadístico incluyó prueba de t, prueba de z, regresión logística simple y cálculo de la probabilidad del evento. Resultados: El tiempo de cicatrización fue más corto en el grupo manejado con apósito liofilizado de piel de cerdo (10,20 semanas) que en el grupo con manejo a base de sulfadiazina de plata (13,8 semanas). A las 9 semanas de iniciado el tratamiento, la mitad de las pacientes con apósito de piel de cerdo ya habían cicatrizado comparado con la cicatrización en el grupo manejado con sulfadiazina de plata (20%). La probabilidad de cicatrización a las 11 semanas en paciente manejados con sulfadiazina de plata es 20% y con apósito liofilizado de piel de cerdo 80%. Conclusión: El apósito liofilizado de piel de cerdo tuvo mejores resultados en el estudio, comparado con el manejo estándar con sulfadiazina de plata. Es necesario realizar un estudio aleatorizado para determinar la efectividad de este material como herramienta terapéutica.

Aim: To demonstrate the usefulness of lyophilized pig skin dressings versus usual management with silver sulfadiazine in wound healing treatment for diabetic foot ulcers. Materials and Method: In this quasi-experimental study, we included patients diagnosed with diabetic foot. We established two groups with a distribution (2:1), the exposure group treated with lyophilized pig skin dressings (10 patients) and the control group (5 patients), the standard of care with silver sulfadiazine. Usefulness was measured with wound healing in treatment weeks. Statistical analysis included t-test, z-test, simple logistic regression, and calculation of probability of an event. Results: Wound healing time was shorter in the group treated with lyophilized pig skin dressing (10.20 weeks) than in the group treated with silver sulfadiazine (13.8 weeks). At 9 weeks after treatment started, 50% of patients treated with lyophilized pig skin dressings had complete wound healing compared with the patients in the group managed with silver sulfadiazine. (20%). The probability of wound healing been completed at 11 weeks in a patient managed with silver sulfadiazine is 20%, compared to lyophilized pig skin dressings is 80%. Conclusion: Lyophilized pig skin dressings had better outcomes than silver sulfadiazine in wound healing treatment for diabetic foot ulcers inside the study. Is mandatory develop another study with a randomized design to determinate the effectiveness as a therapeutic alternative.

Solid-state fermentation of Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki HD-73 maintains higher biomass and spore yields as compared to submerged fermentation using the same media.

To determine the growth kinetic parameters, substrate consumption and spore yields for Bacillus thuringiensis, liquid fermentation (SmF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF), on polyurethane foam (PUF), were analysed comprising strictly the same media. The analysis included three medium concentrations, maintaining the same C/N ratio, with initial glucose at 12.5, 25, and 50 g L-1 (1X, 2X and 4X, respectively). SSF at 2X and 4X produced higher amounts of total biomass, vegetative growth and even early sporulation. Notably, at all glucose concentrations, sporulation was not inhibited in SSF as seen partially in SmF at 2X, and totally at 4X. Micrographs from PUF cultures showed thin layers of bacteria forming large horizontal aggregates, associated with the higher biomass yields and the early cell differentiation. This is the first work showing that SSF improves spore yields of B. thuringiensis in media with high substrate concentrations, using PUF as a research tool for comparative analysis with application in new production systems including biofilm-forming microorganisms.

Polynomial description of inhomogeneous topological superconducting wires.

We present the universal features of the topological invariant for p-wave superconducting wires after the inclusion of spatial inhomogeneities. Three classes of distributed potentials are studied, a single-defect, a commensurate and an incommensurate model, using periodic site modulations. An analytic polynomial description is achieved by splitting the topological invariant into two parts; one part depends on the chemical potential and the other does not. For the homogeneous case, an elliptical region is found where the topological invariant oscillates. The zeros of these oscillations occur at points where the fermion parity switches for finite wires. The increase of these oscillations with the inhomogeneity strength leads to new isolated non-topological phases. We characterize these new phases according to each class of spatial distributions. Such phases could also be observed in the XY model, to which our model is dual.

Características nutricionales de la carne de cordero enriquecida con ácidos grasos omega-3 / Nutritional characteristics of lamb enriched with omega-3 fatty acids

Estrategias para la mejora del valor nutritivo de la carne de cordero al aumentar su contenido en ácidos grasos omega-3...

Heritabilities, correlations, and genetic trends for reproductive traits of a multiracial cattle population in Colombia / Heredabilidades, correlaciones y tendencias genéticas para características reproductivas en una población bovina multirracial en Colombia / Herdabilidades, correlações e tendências genéticas para características reprodutivas em uma população multirracial na Colômbia

The aim of this study was to estimate heritabilities, genetic correlations, heterosis and genetic trends for reproductive traits in a multiracial Angus-Brahman cattle population in the Colombian tropics. Records of age at first calving (EPP), first calving interval (PIEP) and second calving interval (SIEP) were evaluated from years 1993 to 2009. Data were analyzed using a tree-characteristic model that included the fixed effects of contemporary group (year-season for EPP, year-season-sex for PIEP and SIEP), direct additive genetic fixed effects of breed, individual heterosis; and direct additive genetic random effect of the animal, as well as the residual random effect. The variance components were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood method, using the AIREML program. The estimated means were 38.5 ± 6.0, 18.4 ± 3.7, and 17.6 ± 2.77 months for EPP, PIEP and SIEP, respectively. The estimated heritabilities were 0.32 ± 0.09 for EPP, 0.04 ± 0.01 for PIEP, and 0.14 ± 0.05 for SIEP. A low and negative genetic correlation between direct effects for EPP and SIEP (-0.07 ± 0.23) was found. Genetic trend for EPP and SIEP was not significant (p>0.05), while it was significant (p≤0.05) for PIEP, although close to zero. The EPP heritability estimate suggests that genetic progress can be achieved for this feature through selection in few generations. Genetic trends indicate that the selection intensity applied to this multiracial population was not enough to influence its breeding values during the studied period.

El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar las heredabilidades, correlaciones genéticas, heterosis y tendencias genéticas para características reproductivas en una población bovina multirracial Angus-Brahman en el trópico bajo colombiano. Se evaluaron registros de edad al primer parto (EPP), primer intervalo entre partos (PIEP) y segundo intervalo entre partos (SIEP), desde el año 1993 hasta 2009. Los datos fueron analizados mediante un modelo tricarácter que incluyó los efectos fijos de grupo contemporáneo (año-época para EPP; año-época-sexo para PIEP y SIEP), efectos fijo genético aditivo directo de raza, heterosis individual; y los efectos aleatorios genéticos aditivos directos del animal y residual. Los componentes de varianza se estimaron por el método de máxima verosimilitud restringida, mediante el programa AIREML. Las medias estimadas fueron de 38,5 ± 6,0, 18,4 ± 3,7 y 17,6 ± 2,77 meses para EPP, PIEP y SIEP, respectivamente. Las heredabilidades estimadas fueron 0,32 ± 0,09 para EPP, 0,04 ± 0,01 para PIEP y 0,14 ± 0,05 para SIEP. Se encontró una baja correlación genética negativa entre efectos directos para EPPSIEP (-0,07 ± 0,23). Las tendencias genéticas para EPP y SIEP fueron no significativas (p>0,05), mientras que para PIEP fue significativa (p≤0,05), pero cercana a cero. El estimativo de heredabilidad para EPP, sugiere que a través de la selección en pocas generaciones se puede lograr progreso genético para esta característica en la población estudiada. Las tendencias genéticas indican que, la intensidad de selección aplicada a esta población multirracial no fue suficiente para influir sobre los valores de cría durante los años de estudio.

O objetivo desse estudo foi estimar as herdabilidades, correlações genéticas, heterose e tendências genéticas para características reprodutivas em uma população bovina multirracial Angus-Brahman no trópico baixo colombiano. Avaliaram-se registros de idade ao primeiro parto (EPP), primeiro intervalo entre partos (PIEP) e segundo intervalo entre partos (SIEP), desde 1993 até 2009. Os dados foram analisados mediante um modelo tricaráter que incluiu os efeitos fixos do grupo contemporâneo (anoépoca para EPP, ano-época-sexo para PIEP e SIEP), efeito fixo genético aditivo direto da raça, heterose individual e os efeitos aleatórios genéticos aditivos diretos do animal e residual. Os componentes de variância estimaram-se pelo método de máxima verossimilhança restrita, mediante o programa AIREML. As medias estimadas foram de 38,5 ± 6,0, 18,4 ± 3,7 e 17,6 ± 2,77 meses para EPP, PIEP e SIEP, respectivamente. As herdabilidades estimadas foram, EPP= 0,32 ± 0,09; PIEP= 0,04 ± 0,01; SIEP= 0,14 ± 0,05. Encontrou-se uma correlação genética negativa baixa entre os efeitos diretos para EPP-SIEP (-0,07 ± 0,23). As tendências genéticas para EPP e SIEP foram não significativas (p>0,05), enquanto que para PIEP foi significativa (p≤0,05), mas perto de cero. O estimativo de herdabilidade para EPP, sugere que a través da seleção em poucas gerações é possível lograr progresso genético para esta característica na população estudada. As tendências genéticas indicam que, a intensidade de seleção aplicada a esta população multirracial não foi suficiente para influir sob os valores de cria durante os anos de estudo.

Identification and modeling of a novel chloramphenicol resistance protein detected by functional metagenomics in a wetland of Lerma, Mexico.

The exploration of novel antibiotic resistance determinants in a particular environment may be limited because of the presence of uncultured microorganisms. In this work, a culture-independent approach based on functional metagenomics was applied to search for chloramphenicol resistance genes in agro-industrial wastewater in Lerma de Villada, Mexico. To this end, a metagenomic library was generated in Escherichia coli DH10B containing DNA isolated from environmental samples of the residual arsenic-enriched (10 mg/ml) effluent. One resistant clone was detected in this library and further analyzed. An open reading frame similar to a multidrug resistance protein from Aeromonas salmonicida and responsible for chloramphenicol resistance was identified, sequenced, and found to encode a member of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS). Our results also showed that the expression of this gene restored streptomycin sensitivity in E. coli DH10B cells. To gain further insight into the phenotype of this MFS family member, we developed a model of the membrane protein multiporter that, in addition, may serve as a template for developing new antibiotics.

Experiencias en la aplicación de la kinesioterapia respiratoria / Experience in the application of respiratory kinesiotherapy

Las complicaciones respiratorias constituyen en la práctica medicoquirúrgica diaria, una de las complicaciones graves más frecuentes en el posoperatorio. Su alta incidencia planteó en nuestro Servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación, la necesidad de crear un Servicio de Terapia Respiratoria pre y posoperatoria con el objetivo de disminuir o evitar estas complicaciones. Se consideraron 95 casos, los que distribuimos en 2 grupos: no quirúrgicos y quirúrgicos. En el grupo de los no quirúrgicos consideramos 20 casos de asma bronquial y 20 de bronquitis crónica o enfisema pulmonar. En el grupo de los quirúrgicos se trataron 25 casos en el pre y posoperatorio y 30 casos en el posoperatorio solamente. El grado de afección respiratoria, se determinó por el examen físico, espirometría, rayos X de tórax, estudio hemogasométrico, estudio citológico y bacteriológico de esputos, electrocardiogramas y volumen minuto calculado (según nomograma de Engstrom) y en algunos casos pruebas funcionales. Se desarrolla un esquema de tratamiento entre las distintas enfermedades. Se concluye analizando las ventajas de la kinesioterapia respiratoria en estas experiencias