Influencia de la vitamina D sobre la microestructura y propiedades biomecánicas de pacientes con fractura de cadera / Influence of vitamin D on biomechanical microstructure and properties of patients with hip fracture

Introducción: Valorar niveles séricos de 25-hidroxivitamina D -25(OH)D-, hormonas con influencia sobre el metabolismo óseo (parathormona -PTH- y factor de crecimiento insulínico -IGF-I-), marcadores de remodelado óseo (MRO) (telopéptido carboxilo-terminal del colágeno tipo I -β-CTX- y propéptido aminoterminal del procolágeno tipo I -PINP-), densidad mineral ósea (DMO), microestructura y biomecánica de cuello de fémur, en pacientes con fractura de cadera osteoporótica (OP) vs. pacientes artrósicos (OA). Material y métodos: Estudio observacional transversal de 29 pacientes OP y 14 OA, edad ≥50 años. Cuantificamos niveles séricos hormonales y MRO (inmunoensayo), DMO de cadera (DXA), microestructura (micro-CT) y biomecánica (ensayos de compresión uniaxial, sistema IGFA). Análisis estadístico (SPSS 20.0.) Resultados: Los pacientes OP presentaron niveles inferiores de 25(OH)D (p=0,02) y DMO de cadera (p<0,05), y superiores de PTH (p=0,029) y de β-CTX (p=0,04). Los niveles de 25(OH)D se correlacionaron positivamente con IGF-I (p=0,04) y negativamente con β-CTX (p=0,003). Los valores de PTH se correlacionaron negativamente con DMO de cadera (p=0,0005) y positivamente con la separación trabecular (Tb.Th) (p=0,006). Los pacientes con niveles de 25(OH)D <20 ng/mL presentaron niveles mayores de β-CTX (p=0,006), menores de IGF-I (p=0,007) y Tb.Th (p=0,04). Conclusiones: Los niveles de vitamina D son bajos en población anciana, sobre todo en pacientes con fractura de cadera osteoporótica. Además, en estos pacientes existen niveles elevados de PTH y MRO y descendidos de DMO. Los pacientes cuyos niveles de 25(OH)D son inferiores a 20 ng/mL presentan un remodelado óseo más elevado, con menores niveles de IGF-I y alteraciones de la estructura ósea (Tb.Th) que puedan estar en relación con un mayor riesgo de fracturas (AU)

Introduction: To assess serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-25 (OH) D-hormones with influence on bone metabolism (parathormone -PTH- and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I), bone remodeling markers (BRM) (carboxy-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I-β-CTX- and amino-peptide pro-peptide of procollagen type I -PINP), bone mineral density (BMD), microstructure and biomechanics of the femoral neck, in patients with osteoporotic hip fracture (OH) versus arthritic patients (OA). Material and methods: A cross-sectional observational study of 29 OH and 14 OA, age ≥50 years. We quantified hormonal serum levels and BRM (immunoassay), hip BMD (DXA), microstructure (micro-CT) and biomechanics (uniaxial compression tests, IGFA system). Analysis (SPSS 20.0.) Results: OH patients had lower levels of 25(OH)D (p=0.02) and hip BMD (p<0.05), and higher PTH (p=0.029) and β-CTX (p=0.04). Levels of 25(OH)D correlated positively with IGF-I (p=0.04) and negatively with β-CTX (p=0.003). The PTH values were correlated negatively with hip BMD (p=0.0005) and positively with trabecular thickness (TbTh) (p=0.006). Patients with 25(OH)D <20 ng/mL presented higher levels of β-CTX (p=0.006), lower IGF-I (p=0.007) and TbTh (p=0.04). Conclusions: Vitamin D levels are low in the elderly population, especially in patients with osteoporotic hip fracture. These patients also presented raised levels of PTH and BRM and descended from BMD. Patients whose 25(OH)D levels are below 20 ng/mL present higher bone remodeling, with lower levels of IGF-I and alterations of the bone structure (TbTh) that may be linked to a greater risk of fractures (AU)

Influencia de la obesidad sobre la microarquitectura y las propiedades biomecánicas en pacientes con fractura de cadera / Influence of obesity on microarchitecture and biomechanical properties in patients with hip fracture

Introducción: La obesidad y la osteoporosis (OP) son dos patologías muy prevalentes en nuestra sociedad actual. El efecto de la obesidad sobre la calidad ósea se encuentra en debate en la actualidad. Objetivo: Valorar el efecto del peso corporal sobre la microestructura y las propiedades biomecánicas de hueso trabecular procedente de biopsias de extremidad proximal de fémur de pacientes con fractura de cadera por fragilidad. Material y método: Estudio transversal de 16 pacientes con fractura de cadera. 2 grupos según su IMC: (A) sujetos normopeso y (B) con obesidad. Recogimos biopsias de hueso trabecular de cabeza femoral. Valoramos determinaciones bioquímicas (PTH, 25(OH) vitamina D e IGF-1), marcadores de remodelado óseo (PINP,CTX), masa ósea (DMO cuello y cadera total), microestructura ósea y estudio biomecánico (μCt). El análisis estadístico: t-Student (SPSS 22.0) significación p<0,05. Resultados: Todos los pacientes presentaron DMO de cadera en rango osteoporótico. El grupo de obesos presentó niveles superiores de PTH e inferiores de IGF-1, vitamina D y PINP. No encontramos diferencias en los parámetros relacionados con el metabolismo óseo. El grupo de obesos presentó mejores índices microestructurales alcanzando la significación: mayor volumen óseo (BV/TV: 36,6±12,7 vs. 19,4±11,4%, BS/TV: 5,5±1,1 vs. 3,9±1,3%), mayor número de trabéculas (Tb.N: 1,6±0,4 vs. 1,01±0,4), mayor anchura de trabéculas (Tb.Th: 0,22±0,003 vs. 0,17±0,05) y menor separación trabecular (Tb.Sp: 0,51±0,12 vs. 0,66±0,16). Los parámetros biomecánicos confirman una mayor resistencia del hueso trabecular en pacientes obesos. Conclusión: La obesidad puede ser un factor protector de la calidad ósea en la región femoral y tiene menos efecto sobre la densidad mineral ósea (AU)

Introduction: Obesity and osteoporosis (OP) are two very prevalent diseases in our society today. The effect of obesity on bone quality is currently a subject under discussion. Objective: To assess the effect of body weight on the microstructure and biomechanical properties of trabecular bone biopsies from the proximal end of the femur in patients with hip fracture fragility. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study of 16 patients with hip fracture. The 2 groups are divided according to their BMI: (A) normal weight individuals and (B) those with obesity. We collected biopsies of cancellous bone from the femoral head and assessed biochemical determinations (PTH, 25 (OH) vitamin D and IGF-1), bone remodeling markers (PINP, CTX), bone mass (BMD neck and total hip), bone microstructure and biomechanical study (μCt). Statistical analysis: Student's t test (SPSS 22.0) significance p<0.05. Results: All patients had hip BMD in osteoporotic range. The obese group had higher levels of PTH and lower IGF-1, vitamin D and PINP. We found no differences in the parameters related to bone metabolism. The obese group showed better indices reaching microstructural significance: increased bone volume (BV/TV: 36.6±12.7 vs 19.4±11.4%, BS/TV: 5.5±1.1 vs 3.9±1.3%), higher trabecular number (Tb.N: 1.6±0.4 vs 1,01±0,4), greater trabecular width (Tb.Th: 0.22±0.003 vs 0.17±0.05) and lower trabecular separation (Tb.Sp: 0.51±0.12 vs 0.66±0.16). Biomechanical parameters confirm greater strength of trabecular bone in obese patients. Conclusion: Obesity may be a protective factor of bone quality in the femoral region and has less effect on bone mineral density (AU)

¿Qué son los microARNs? Posibles biomarcadores y dianas terapéuticas en la enfermedad osteoporótica / What are microRNAs? Potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in osteoporosis

Los micro-ARN (miRs) son pequeñas moléculas de ARN no codificantes que regulan la expresión génica a nivel post-transcripcional. Generalmente actúan sobre la expresión genética mediante el silenciamiento o degradación de los ARNm, y están implicados en la regulación de varios procesos biológicos, como la diferenciación celular, la proliferación, la apoptosis y en el desarrollo embrionario y tisular. Actualmente son un importante foco de interés para el estudio de diversas enfermedades como el cáncer o la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. A nivel del metabolismo óseo, están surgiendo diversos miRs implicados en su regulación, abriendo un campo de investigación importante para identificar nuevos biomarcadores para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad osteoporótica, de su evolución, así como para diseñar nuevas terapias farmacológicas (AU)

Micro-RNAs (miRs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level. Generally, they act on gene expression by silencing or degrading mRNAs, and are involved in regulating various biological processes, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and in embryonic and tissue development. They are currently a major focus of interest in the study of various diseases such as cancer or type 2 diabetes mellitus. At level of bone metabolism, various miRs are emerging that are involved in their regulation, opening an important research field to identify new biomarkers for diagnosis of osteoporosis and its development, and to design new drug therapies (AU)

Xenotransplantation of human adipose-derived stem cells in the regeneration of a rabbit peripheral nerve.

Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AdMSCs) are useful in the regeneration of neural tissues. Furthermore, xenotransplantation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAdMSCs) into animal models has already been tested and the results encouraged us to study peripheral nerve regeneration in rabbits, in order to test the feasibility of a xenotransplantation of hAdMSCs. ANIMALS AND METHOD: To promote end-to-end nerve fiber contacts of a 4-cm gap in the peroneal nerve of white New Zealand rabbits, an autologous vein conduit was used and three groups of animals were evaluated. In Group I, the gap was repaired with a vein conduit refilled with fibrin. Group II was similar, but the animals were treated with cyclosporine A. In Group III, a fibrin scaffold with hAdMSCs was placed inside the autologous vein conduit, and animals were treated with cyclosporine A. Neurofilament immunohistochemistry results showed 100% nerve regeneration at the vein guidance channel 90 days after the surgery in the hAdMSC-transplanted group but lesser neural regeneration in the neurofilaments of groups I and II. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) test showed statistically significant differences among all groups (p < 0.04). Group III exclusively tested positive for human monoclonal anti-mitochondrial antibody. Electron microscopy images showed tiny bundles, with a predominance of nonmyelinated axons. Myelinated axons caused irregular thickness of the myelin sheath, which was especially observed in group III. CONCLUSIONS: Xenotransplantation of hAdMSCs into a fibrin scaffold promoted nerve regeneration through a vein conduit that connected a 4-cm gap created at the peroneal nerve of rabbits. Animals treated with hAdMSCs presented negative inflammatory response at the regenerated nerve gaps, but it was demonstrated that hAdMSCs were incorporated to the new nerve creating neural tissue and endothelial cells. However, hAdMSCs required immunosuppression with cyclosporine A to achieve axonal regeneration.

Carcinoma tricofolicular con capacidad metastásica / Trichofollicular carcinoma with metastatic spread

El carcinoma folicular es un tumor maligno derivado del folículo piloso. La mayor parte de los tumores foliculares son benignos, pero en los últimos años se han publicado casos aislados de tumores anexiales con características de malignidad y con una gran agresividad local siendo en principio tumores que se consideraban benignos. Creemos que este tumor está siendo infradiagnosticado, y como consecuencia, infratratado al ser confundido con otros tumores malignos originados en la piel, como el carcinoma basocelular y sobre todo con el carcinoma epidermoide, en parte por poca documentación y por la dificultad para su diagnóstico anatomopatológico. Presentamos un caso de carcinoma tricofolicular en cuero cabelludo en una mujer de 51 años de edad que rápidamente invade sistema nervioso central y que en solo 3 meses metastatiza a pulmón (AU)

Trichofollicular carcinoma is a malignant tumour derived from the hair follicle. Most of follicular tumours are benign, but in the last years, single case reports with malignant neoplasms originated in hair and hair follicle have been published. This type of tumour is underdiagnosed because they are often confused with other skin tumours but its behaviour is much more aggressive, therefore, accurate diagnosis becomes especially important. We report a case of a 51-year-old woman with trichofollicular carcinoma with invasion of skull and dura, and only 3 months later, metastatic spread to the lung (AU)

Diagnóstico y tratamiento quirúrgico del hemangiopericitoma facial. Caso clínico / Diagnosis and surgical treatment of facial hemangiopericytoma. Case report

El hemangiopericitoma es un raro tumor de origen mesenquimal del que existe poca información en cuanto a su presentación, diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico. Conceptualmente, su entidad se solapa con el tumor fibroso solitario con el que comparte rasgos. Describimos el caso de un paciente de 41 años de edad con un hemangiopericitoma facial a la vez que destacamos la importancia de un diagnóstico adecuado y precoz de esta entidad para su correcto tratamiento (AU)

Hemangiopericytoma is a rare tumor of mesenchymal origin and there is little information regarding its presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Conceptually, this entity overlaps with the solitary fibrous tumor, with shared histological features. We describe a clinical case of facial hemangiopericytoma, highlighting the importance of a correct and early diagnosis for proper treatment (AU)

Carcinoma espinocelular infiltrante de base de cráneo en paciente de 16 años con albinismo óculo-cutáneo / Squamous cell carcinoma infiltrating skull base in 16 years old patient with oculo-cutaneous albinism

Presentamos el caso de una adolescente africana de 16 años de edad afectada por albinismo óculo-cutáneo, que desarrolló un carcinoma epidermoide en pabellón auricular derecho que requirió escisión radical y reconstrucción con colgajo TRAM libre. El albinismo es un trastorno metabólico genético que consiste en la incapacidad hereditaria para sintetizar melanina. Tiene dos variantes clínicas: el albinismo ocular y el albinismo óculo-cutáneo. En determinados países africanos, los pacientes afectos por esta enfermedad son socialmente rechazados y por ello no se les presta un control sanitario adecuado. Por esta razón el tumor llevaba varios años de evolución y cuando la paciente fue vista en nuestro centro, existía una infiltración profunda con afectación severa de la base del cráneo. La compleja anatomía de las estructuras vitales en esta región hace que la resección quirúrgica de los tumores sea complicada. Comentamos las peculiaridades en la reconstrucción de casos complejos en la base lateral del cráneo con proyección a la zona temporal (AU)

We present a 16 year-old girl from Africa, affected by an oculo-cutaneous albinism, who developed a squamous cell carcinoma of the right ear that was treated by radical surgery and reconstructed with a free TRAM flap. Albinism is a genetic metabolic disease that is characterized by an impossibility to produce melanin. It presents two variations: ocular and oculo-cutaneous. In some african countries, patients affected by the disease are socially rejected and they do not receive right medical treatments. For this reason the tumor was infiltrating very deeply, affecting the cranial base when our patient was visited in our hospital. The complex anatomy of the vital structures in this area makes surgical resection of tumors involving the skull base extremely difficult. We review some concepts about the treatment of lateral and temporal skull base tumors (AU)

Innovador tratamiento de heridas abdominales complejas mediante terapia de presión negativa con instilación intermitente / Novel treatment of complex abdominal wounds with negative pressure therapy with intermittent instillation

Describimos nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de heridas abdominales postquirúrgicas dehiscentes y contaminadas con exposición de material protésico, mediante terapia de presión negativa con instilación intermitente de soluciones tópicas. Este dispositivo nos permitió el rescate de pacientes pluripatológicos evitando una reintervención compleja de alta morbi-mortalidad y facilitando el cierre de la herida, además con conservación de la malla en la mayor parte de los casos (AU)

The present data reports our experience in the treatment of postsurgical dehiscent and infected abdominal wounds with exposure of prosthetic material with negative pressure therapy with intermittent instillation of topical solutions. This device allowed the rescue of pluripatological patients avoiding a complex resurgery of high morbi-mortality and facilitating wound closure, besides with conservation of the mesh in most of the cases (AU)

Cuerpos extraños intraprotésicos tras refinamiento del perfil mamario con infiltración grasa en el seguimiento de reconstrucción mamaria / Intraprosthesic foreing bodies after lipofilling in the follow up of a mammary reconstruction

Existe un consenso sobre las pruebas de imagen a utilizar para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de pacientes con cáncer de mama, pero no hay una pauta clara de seguimiento para aquellas en las que se realiza reconstrucción mamaria con implantes. Está más institucionalizado el tipo de pruebas a realizar cuando sospechamos la ruptura del implante. Se recomienda la Resonancia Magnética (RM) como prueba de elección ante sospecha de rotura de una prótesis mamaria, aunque también se acepta la ultrasonografía como prueba de cribado en este tipo de pacientes, que es además útil para el seguimiento general de las pacientes sometidas a reconstrucción mamaria con prótesis. Debemos tener unos criterios que enlacen la parte clínica con los hallazgos radiológicos, siendo el cirujano plástico quien debe encargarse de este aspecto junto con el resto de miembros de la Unidad de Mama. Presentamos los resultados radiológicos y clínicos observados tras el hallazgo casual en un control rutinario de un cuerpo extraño intraprotésico en una paciente sometida a reconstrucción mamaria con prótesis de silicona (AU)

There is consensus on imaging tests used for diagnosis and management of patients with breast cancer, but there is no clear pattern of monitoring for patients undergoing breast reconstruction with silicone implants. It is more institutionalized the type of tests to perform when we suspect the rupture of the prosthesis. Magnetic Resonance (MR) is recommended as the gold standard on suspicion of silicone breast implants rupture, although it's also accepted the use of ultrasonography as screening test in such patients. We should have a criterion that links the clinic with radiological findings, being the plastic surgeon who incorporates these criteria, along with the other members of the Breast Unit. We present the radiological and clinical results observed after an incidental finding of an intraprosthesic foreign body in a patient undergoing breast reconstruction with silicone implant, during a routine check (AU)

Prospective trial of adipose-derived regenerative cell (ADRC)-enriched fat grafting for partial mastectomy defects: the RESTORE-2 trial.

AIMS: Women undergoing breast conservation therapy (BCT) for breast cancer are often left with contour defects and few acceptable reconstructive options. RESTORE-2 is the first prospective clinical trial using autologous adipose-derived regenerative cell (ADRC)-enriched fat grafting for reconstruction of such defects. This single-arm, prospective, multi-center clinical trial enrolled 71 patients post-BCT with defects ≤150 mL. METHODS: Adipose tissue was collected via syringe lipoharvest and then processed during the same surgical procedure using a closed automated system that isolates ADRCs and prepares an ADRC-enriched fat graft for immediate re-implantation. ADRC-enriched fat graft injections were performed in a fan-shaped pattern to prevent pooling of the injected fat. Overall procedure times were less than 4 h. The RESTORE-2 protocol allowed for up to two treatment sessions and 24 patients elected to undergo a second procedure following the six month follow-up visit. RESULTS: Of the 67 patients treated, 50 reported satisfaction with treatment results through 12 months. Using the same metric, investigators reported satisfaction with 57 out of 67 patients. Independent radiographic core laboratory assessment reported improvement in the breast contour of 54 out of 65 patients based on blinded assessment of MRI sequence. There were no serious adverse events associated with the ADRC-enriched fat graft injection procedure. There were no reported local cancer recurrences. Injection site cysts were reported as adverse events in ten patients. CONCLUSION: This prospective trial demonstrates the safety and efficacy of the treatment of BCT defects utilizing ADRC-enriched fat grafts.

¿Se fracturan la cadera los hombres y las mujeres ante los mismos factores de riesgo? / Do men and women have the same risk factors for hip fractures?

Fundamento y objetivo. La osteoporosis ha sido considerada una enfermedad de la mujer, sin embargo hoy se sabe que también tiene gran importancia en el sexo masculino. Es una enfermedad multifactorial, cuyo principal factor de riesgo independiente para padecer fracturas, en general, y de cadera en particular, es la masa ósea, aunque otras circunstancias, independientes de ésta, también son relevantes. Este estudio pretende conocer si los hombres y las mujeres presentan fractura de cadera con un mismo nivel de masa ósea y si cuentan con los mismos factores de riesgo asociados a la enfermedad. Pacientes y métodos. Se estudiaron 105 pacientes con fractura de cadera no traumática y 68 controles, en los que se analizan distintos factores de riesgo incluyendo datos clínicos, estilo de vida, analíticos, relacionados con el metabolismo óseo y hormonas sexuales, así como valoración de masa ósea. Resultados y conclusiones. Los valores de densidad mineral ósea (DMO) determinados a nivel de cadera constituyen el principal factor de riesgo de fractura osteoporótica de cadera en ambos géneros, que son comparables cuando se expresan en términos de densidad volumétrica. En las mujeres los factores de riesgo determinantes de la aparición de fractura son el antecedente de fractura no traumática a edad mayor de 50 años, la DMO de cadera total, los niveles de calcio sérico y la toma o no de tiazidas; mientras que en los varones, sólo alcanza significación estadística la DMO de cadera total(AU)

Background and aims. Osteoporosis has been traditionally considered as a disease in women. However, it is now known that this condition is also important in men. It is a multifactor condition whose main independent risk factor to suffer fractures, in general, and those of the hip, specifically, is bone mass. Nonetheless, there are other independent risk factors of importance. This study has aimed to study if men and women suffer hip fractures with the same bone mass and if they have the same risk factors associated to this condition. Patients and methods. We studied 105 patients with non-traumatic hip fracture and 68 healthy controls. The different risk factors were analyzed, including clinical data, lifestyle, analytic data, data related to bone metabolism and sex hormones as well as a complete bone evaluation. Results and conclusions. Hip bone mass density (BMD) values are the main risk factor for osteoporotic fractures in both genders. These values are comparable when expressed in terms of volumetric density. In women, risk factors that determine the appearance of fractures are previous non-traumatic fractures when they are older than 50 years, total hip BMD, serum calcium levels and thiazide intake while in men only total hip BMD reaches statistical significance(AU)

[Do men and women have the same risk factors for hip fractures?]. / ¿Se fracturan la cadera los hombres y las mujeres ante los mismos factores de riesgo?

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Osteoporosis has been traditionally considered as a disease in women. However, it is now known that this condition is also important in men. It is a multifactor condition whose main independent risk factor to suffer fractures, in general, and those of the hip, specifically, is bone mass. Nonetheless, there are other independent risk factors of importance. This study has aimed to study if men and women suffer hip fractures with the same bone mass and if they have the same risk factors associated to this condition. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 105 patients with non-traumatic hip fracture and 68 healthy controls. The different risk factors were analyzed, including clinical data, lifestyle, analytic data, data related to bone metabolism and sex hormones as well as a complete bone evaluation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Hip bone mass density (BMD) values are the main risk factor for osteoporotic fractures in both genders. These values are comparable when expressed in terms of volumetric density. In women, risk factors that determine the appearance of fractures are previous non-traumatic fractures when they are older than 50 years, total hip BMD, serum calcium levels and thiazide intake while in men only total hip BMD reaches statistical significance.

Estado actual de las terapias con células madre derivadas de tejido adiposo en elámbito de la Cirugía Plástica / The state of the adipose-derived stem cell therapies in Plastic Surgery

Durante la última década, la terapia celular ha emergido como una estrategia útil en el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades como la isquemia miocárdica y las fístulas en la enfermedad de Crohn; pero últimamente, hay también ya líneas de investigación centradas en su uso en reconstrucción mamaria, cuyos resultados van siendo publicados paulatinamente. Existen varios tipos de células madre adultas que han sido investigadas en estudios preclínicos y clínicos diseñados para este propósito: células de medula ósea, células del sistema circulatorio y mioblastos y, recientemente se está trabajando en una población de células madre en el tejido adiposo ,que presentan una fácil extracción y manipulación. Estas células son capaces de diferenciarse en múltiples líneas celulares, como los adipocitos y las células endoteliales entre otras. En el presente artículo, trataremos de hacer una revisión de los principios básicos de las células madre derivadas del tejido adiposo (tipos, características, procesos de obtención y multiplicación), los primeros estudios experimentales y los ensayos clínicos que están siendo realizados en la actualidad (AU)

Over the past decade, cell therapy has emerged as a new approach to reverse several diseases as myocardialischemia and fistula in Crohn disease; but lately new efforts are centered in breast reconstruction. Several types of adult stem cell have been studied in both preclinical and clinical condition for this purpose: bone marrow cells, circulating cells, and myoblasts. Recently the existence of a population of stem cells located in the adipose tissue has been observed. These cells are able to differentiate into multiple cell lineage including adipocytes and endothelial cells. In this review we discuss the basic principle of adipose-derived stem cell (types, characteristic, harvesting and expansion), the initial experimental studies and the currently on going clinical trials (AU)

Estudio de la vascularización arterial del músculoflexor digitorum superficialis / Anatomical study of the arterial vascularization of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle

El objetivo de nuestro estudio es describir la distribución de la vascularización del músculo flexor digitorum superficialis para optimizar sus indicaciones en Cirugía Reconstructiva de miembro superior. Disecamos 15antebrazos fijados según el método Thiel y coloreados mediante la inyección de látex en los vasos femorales. Centramos nuestro estudio en la disección del músculo flexor digitorum superficialis, seleccionando únicamente los pedículos vasculares que superan los 2 mm, valorando los resultados en función de sus relaciones anatómicas y de su longitud. El número total hallado de arterias nutrientes del vientre muscular fue de 219, localizándose en mayor porcentaje en el tercio medio del antebrazo. De los resultados obtenidos de nuestro estudio podemos deducir que las arterias cubital y cubital recurrente aportan la vascularización dominante. Medialmente, el músculo recibe ramas de la arteria cubital y cubital recurrente, en la parte profunda del vientre muscular. Lateral y proximalmente, recibe ramas de la arteria mediana, mientras que lateral y distalmente recibe ramas de la arteria radial, que penetran en la superficie del músculo (AU)

We present an anatomical study that describes the distribution of the muscular perforators of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle. In this study we dissected15 forearms fixed according to Thiel method and coloured latex injection in the femoral vessels. The study was centered on the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle. Only muscular perforator arteries with diameters over2mm were selected. The vascular origin and length were also studied. In all cases, measurements were taken from the bicondyle line. The total number of arteries obtained from the muscle belly was 219, with the greatest percentage located in the half of the forearm. The principal vascular origin of the perforator arteries was the cubital artery. From the results obtained in our work, we can deduce that the ulnar and the ulnar recurrent arteries are the most dominant supply of the muscle. Medially, it receives many large branches from the ulnar recurrent and the ulnar artery. Laterally and proximally, it receives small branches from the median artery, and distally, it receives several small branches from the radial artery that enter the superficial surface of the muscle (AU)

Reconstrucción de defectos torácicos de espesor total. Presentación de 8 casos de especial complejidad / Reconstruction of full thickness defects on the chest wall. Presentation of 8 complex cases

Las lesiones de gran tamaño en el tórax, requieren casi siempre para su reparación plastias complejas, que en algunos casos han de combinar el uso de tejidos autólogos y/o materiales sintéticos. Por tanto, la reconstrucción de la pared torácica supone un desafío desde el punto de vista reconstructivo en el que es fundamental el papel de los cirujanos plásticos. Los grandes defectos torácicos suelen ser secundarios a exéresis tumoral (tumores parietales de origen primario o secundario), infecciones, radionecrosis, traumatismos y malformaciones congénitas. Si bien los principios de la reconstrucción del tórax exigen una escisión amplia de la lesión, desbridamiento de los tejidos desvitalizados o irradiados y control de la infección local, dichas actuaciones no podrían abordarse con seguridad si no dispusiéramos de un amplio arsenal de técnicas reconstructivas, capaces de aportar tejidos sanos y bien vascularizados o voluminosos y amplios en superficie, junto con soportes rígidos mediante materiales aloplásticos. Gracias a estos avances, en la mayoría de los casos conseguimos el objetivo con sólo una intervención, cuando hace unos años necesitábamos varios procedimientos quirúrgicos. Presentamos una muestra variada de la experiencia de nuestro Servicio en el tratamiento de grandes defectos del tórax, en el que resumimos las distintas posibilidades que podemos encontrar en la práctica clínica diaria, y las soluciones que mejor se adaptan a las mismas (AU)

Reconstruction of full thickness defects on the chest wall is controversial and require the use of complex techniques that combine autologous tissue and/or alloplastic materials. Thus it is a challenge for plastic surgeons since it needs a suitable and functional reconstruction. The aethiology for these defects include tumoral surgery (primary wall tumors, or recurrences or metastasis), infections, radiation injury, trauma and congenital defects. Otherwise, first surgical treatment require wide resection of the tumor or ischaemic or radiated tissue and control of the infection, but these principles could not be safely faced without the multiple reconstructive techniques that can afford the use of well vascularized, large or bulky tissues to reconstruct this anatomical area in combination with alloplastic materials, in order to give a solid stabilization. Thanks to these advances, we can actually perform our objectives in only one procedure. We present a selection of complex chest wall defects tha thave been operated in the last years by our surgical team. We will describe the solutions and the results obtained by means of a variety of possible flaps and synthetic materials (AU)

Vascularización arterial del músculo flexor digitorum superficialis. Estudio anatómico y aplicaciones clínicas / Arterial vascularisation of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle. Anatomical study and clinical aplications

El objetivo de nuestro estudio es describir la distribución de la vascularización del músculo flexor digitorum superficialis para optimizar sus indicaciones en cirugía reconstructiva de miembro superior. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS. Disecamos 15 antebrazos fijados según el método Thiel y coloreados mediante la inyección de latex en los vasos femorales. Centramos nuestro estudio en la disección del músculo flexor digitorum superficialis, seleccionando únicamente los pedículos vasculares que superan los 2 mm, valorando los resultados en función de sus relaciones anatómicas y longitud. RESULTADOS. El número total de arterias nutrientes del vientre muscular era de 219, localizándose en mayor porcentaje en el tercio medio del antebrazo. CONCLUSIÓN. De los resultados obtenidos de nuestro estudio podemos deducir que la arteria cubital y cubital recurrente aportan la vascularización dominante. Medialmente recibe ramas de la arteria cubital y cubital recurrente, en la parte profunda del vientre muscular. Lateral y proximalmente recibe ramas de la arteria mediana, mientras que lateral y distalmente recibe ramas de la arteria radial, que penetran en la superficie del músculo (AU)

We present an anatomical study that describes the distribution of the muscular perforators of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle. MATERIAL AND METHODS. In this study we dissected 15 forearms fixed according to Thiel method and coloured latex injection in the femoral vessels. The study was centered on the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle. Only muscular perforator arteries with diameters over 2mm were selected. The vascular origin and length were also studied. In all cases, measurements were taken from the bicondyle line. RESULTS. The total number of arteries obtained from the muscle belly was 219, with the greatest percentage located in the half of the forearm. The principal vascular origin of the perforator arteries was the cubital artery. ONCLUSION. From the results obtained in our work, we can deduce that the ulnar and the ulnar recurrent arteries are the most dominant supply of the muscle. Medially , it receives many large branches from the ulnar recurrent and the ulnar artery. Laterally and proximally, it receives small branches from the median artery, and distally, it receives several small branches from the radial artery that enter the superficial surface of the muscle (AU)

Modifying RANKL/OPG mRNA expression in differentiating and growing human primary osteoblasts.

The OPG/RANKL system in primary cultures of human osteoblasts has been studied by different authors. However, very few studies have been performed on gene expression of RANKL and OPG at different stages of maturation on human osteoblast cultures. The effect of 17- beta-estradiol and 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the OPG/RANKL system is not known during the different states of cellular maturation. In this work we quantified OPG and RANKL protein levels (ELISA) and the mRNA of OPG, RANKL, collagen type I, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin (semi-quantitative RT-PCR) in human osteoblasts. We analyzed these in basal conditions and after incubation with 17- beta-estradiol and 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the first and second phases. We found that OPG secretion and expression levels increased throughout cellular growth. RANKL proteins were detected only in the first stage, and the expression increased throughout the first phase. Thus, the RANKL/OPG ratio was higher in immature osteoblasts than in mature osteoblasts. The evolution of RANKL gene expression was related to collagen I and alkaline phosphatase, while OPG was related to osteocalcin. We observed no modifications after estradiol and 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment. Our results suggest that the OB is a positive stimulator at precocious stages of differentiation on osteoclastogenic modulates.

[Transient ischemic attack associated with a calcinosis cerebri syndrome]. / Accidente isquémico transitorio asociado a síndrome de calcinosis cerebral.

We report a 71 years old man suffering from transient ischemic attack associated with a calcinosis cerebri (Fahr's disease). Arterial hypertension was the unique vascular risk factor disclosed.

Accidente isquémico transitorio asociado a síndrome de calcinosis cerebral / Transient ischemic attack associated with a calcinosis cerebri syndrome

Presentamos un caso de calcinosis cerebral (posiblemente por una enfermedad de Fahr primaria) asociado a un cuadro de accidente isquémico transitorio (disartria) en un varón anciano con hipertensión arterialy sin ningún otro factor de riesgo vascular

We report a 71 years old man suffering from transient ischemic attack associated with a calcinosis cerebri (Fahr’s disease). Arterial hypertension was the unique vascular risk factor disclosed

Epiperitoneal vessels: more resources to perform DIEP flaps.

The development of the DIEP flap established an accepted concept of reconstructive surgery, but in patients who demonstrate inadequate in vivo flap perfusion, alternative surgical options to improve vascularisation are limited. We present a 42-year-old patient, with a left mastectomy whose breast was reconstructed with a DIEP flap. After anastomosis to the internal mammary vessels there was insufficient arterial perfusion of the flap. The situation was resolved by using an independent medial perforator artery emerging from the peritoneal layer (epiperitoneal vessels). This new pedicle was anastomosed end-to-end to the distal portion of the inferior epigastric artery. We consider that epiperitoneal vessels can be an emergency pedicle when needed and a possible alternative to the main pedicle of the DIEP flap.