Cambios en la estructura y la función familiar del adolescente / Changes in the family structure and function in adolescents

Objetivos: Conocer la estructura y la función familiar del adolescente y sus cambios en la última década. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo mediante encuesta. Emplazamiento: Alumnado de educación secundaria obligatoria y bachillerato en un medio urbano (Jaén) y uno rural (Granada, España). Población e intervenciones: Encuestas autoadministradas cada tres años desde 1997 a 2010, recogiendo edad, sexo, estructura y función familiar (prueba de Apgar-familiar). Resultados: Se realizaron 1 493 encuestas (97% del total de alumnos), 50% hombres y 14.5 ± 0.6 años. Función familiar: normal 74%, disfunción leve 18%,disfunción grave 8%. Estructura familiar: nuclear 83%, monoparental 8%, ampliada 7%, reconstituida2%. La estructura y función familiar no varía según el sexo ni el año de estudio; por edad, los adolescentes de 16 años o más presentan una menor percepción de normofunción familiar (p < 0.05 c2). Mientras que en 1997 la familia nuclear presenta un mayor número de adolescentes con función familiar normal (p < 0.05 c2), en los restantes años no existen diferencias significativas entre las distintas estructuras familiares. Conclusiones: La percepción de función familiar en los adolescentes ha cambiado y actualmente no depende del sexo ni de la estructura del hogar. La atención familiar durante la adolescencia debe centrarse en la promoción de una dinámica familiar positiva, independientemente de la estructura familiar.

Cambios en la estructura y la función familiar del adolescente / Changes in the family structure and function in adolescents

Objetivos: Conocer la estructura y la función familiar del adolescente y sus cambios en la última década. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo mediante encuesta. Emplazamiento: Alumnado de educación secundaria obligatoria y bachillerato en un medio urbano (Jaén) y uno rural (Granada, España). Población e intervenciones: Encuestas autoadministradas cada tres años desde 1997 a 2010, recogiendo edad, sexo, estructura y función familiar (prueba de Apgar-familiar). Resultados: Se realizaron 1 493 encuestas (97% del total de alumnos), 50% hombres y 14.5 ± 0.6 años. Función familiar: normal 74%, disfunción leve 18%,disfunción grave 8%. Estructura familiar: nuclear 83%, monoparental 8%, ampliada 7%, reconstituida2%. La estructura y función familiar no varía según el sexo ni el año de estudio; por edad, los adolescentes de 16 años o más presentan una menor percepción de normofunción familiar (p < 0.05 c2). Mientras que en 1997 la familia nuclear presenta un mayor número de adolescentes con función familiar normal (p < 0.05 c2), en los restantes años no existen diferencias significativas entre las distintas estructuras familiares. Conclusiones: La percepción de función familiar en los adolescentes ha cambiado y actualmente no depende del sexo ni de la estructura del hogar. La atención familiar durante la adolescencia debe centrarse en la promoción de una dinámica familiar positiva, independientemente de la estructura familiar.(AU)

Motivaciones para el consumo de alcohol entre adolescentes de un instituto urbano / Motivations for alcohol use among adolescents in an urban high school

ObjetivosConocer las motivaciones (actitudes, creencias y experiencias) de los adolescentes para el consumo de alcohol.DiseñoMetodología cualitativa con método explicativo. Uso de técnicas conversacionales (grupos de discusión con 6–8 adolescentes/grupo, 50min duración) registradas mediante videograbación durante el curso escolar 2008–09.Participantes y contextoAdolescentes de 12–18 años de un instituto urbano de clase media (Jaén, España). Muestreo intencional estratificado por niveles educativos; criterios de heterogeneidad: sexo y consumo de alcohol.MétodoProceso de análisis cualitativo de contenido: codificación, triangulación de categorías y obtención/verificación de resultados.ResultadosSe realizan seis entrevistas grupales, incluyendo 44 adolescentes (54% varones). El tipo de consumo varía con la edad, existiendo diferencias de género en las motivaciones. El alcohol se relaciona con actos lúdico-sociales desde las primeras experiencias familiares, y con el ocio nocturno al entrar en el instituto y aumentar las relaciones entre iguales. Los modelos sociales preferidos son los jóvenes universitarios, con un consumo excesivo en fin de semana que es entendido como un acto de independencia. Se rechazan las figuras de autoridad (profesores/sanitarios), criticando la información recibida (solo de contenidos, sin elementos motivacionales) y la omisión en la educación sobre este tema. Existen una accesibilidad para la compra de alcohol elevada, una sensación de control del consumo y una tendencia a entender las intoxicaciones agudas como parte del ocio. Salvo pocas discrepancias, se relaciona el consumo de alcohol con el consumo de tabaco y de otras drogas.ConclusionesLa intervención sobre el consumo alcohólico de los adolescentes debe incorporar sus motivaciones para lograr una mayor eficiencia(AU)

ObjectivesTo find out the motivation (attitudes, beliefs and experiences) behind adolescent alcohol consumption.DesignQualitative methodology, explanatory method, using conversational techniques (discussion group with 6–8 adolescents/group, 50min duration) recorded by videotape during the school year 2008/09.Participants and contextAdolescents 12–18 years-old of a middle-class urban school (Jaen-Spain). Purposive sampling stratified by level of education; heterogeneity criteria: sex and alcohol consumption.MethodProcess of content analysis: coding, triangulation of categories and obtain/verify results.ResultsSix group interviews, including 44 teenagers (54% males). The rate of consumption varies with age, and there are gender differences in motivations. Alcohol is related to social and leisure activities from early family experiences, and the nightlife on entering school and as peer relationships increase. The preferred social models are university students, with excessive consumption at the weekend that is understood as an act of independence. Rejection of authority figures (teachers/health), critical attitude to the received information (content only, without motivational elements) and failure in education on this topic. There is high accessibility for the purchase of alcohol, a sense of controlled consumption and a tendency to understand acute poisoning as part of leisure. The adolescents related alcohol consumption, tobacco and drug use (except for minor discrepancies).ConclusionsThe intervention on alcohol consumption of adolescents should incorporate their motivation to achieve greater efficiency(AU)

[Motivations for alcohol use among adolescents in an urban high school]. / Motivaciones para el consumo de alcohol entre adolescentes de un instituto urbano.

OBJECTIVES: To find out the motivation (attitudes, beliefs and experiences) behind adolescent alcohol consumption. DESIGN: Qualitative methodology, explanatory method, using conversational techniques (discussion group with 6-8 adolescents/group, 50min duration) recorded by videotape during the school year 2008/09. PARTICIPANTS AND CONTEXT: Adolescents 12-18 years-old of a middle-class urban school (Jaen-Spain). Purposive sampling stratified by level of education; heterogeneity criteria: sex and alcohol consumption. METHOD: Process of content analysis: coding, triangulation of categories and obtain/verify results. RESULTS: Six group interviews, including 44 teenagers (54% males). The rate of consumption varies with age, and there are gender differences in motivations. Alcohol is related to social and leisure activities from early family experiences, and the nightlife on entering school and as peer relationships increase. The preferred social models are university students, with excessive consumption at the weekend that is understood as an act of independence. Rejection of authority figures (teachers/health), critical attitude to the received information (content only, without motivational elements) and failure in education on this topic. There is high accessibility for the purchase of alcohol, a sense of controlled consumption and a tendency to understand acute poisoning as part of leisure. The adolescents related alcohol consumption, tobacco and drug use (except for minor discrepancies). CONCLUSIONS: The intervention on alcohol consumption of adolescents should incorporate their motivation to achieve greater efficiency.

Cambios en la estructura y en la función familiar del adolescente en la última década (1997–2007) / Changes in structure and function of the family of the adolescent in the last decade (1997–2007)

ObjetivosConocer la estructura y la función familiar del adolescente y sus cambios en la última década.DiseñoEstudio descriptivo mediante encuesta.EmplazamientoAlumnado de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y Bachillerato en medio rural (Granada) y en medio urbano (Jaén).Población e intervencionesEncuestas autoadministradas de los años 1997, 2001, 2004 y 2007, en las que se recoge edad, sexo, estructura y función familiar (test de Apgar familiar).Medidas y resultados principalesParticipan 1.356 alumnos en total, con 1.271 encuestas válidas (259, 386, 246 y 380, respectivamente). La edad de los alumnos es de 12 a 18 años con igualdad de sexos. La estructura familiar más frecuente es la nuclear (78–84%), seguida por la estructura monoparental (7–11%), la estructura extensa (6–7%) y la estructura reconstituida (2%). La función familiar es mayoritariamente normal (70–76%), con hasta un 30% de disfunciones (leves del 18 al 21% y graves del 5 al 10%). La estructura y la función familiar no varían según el sexo ni el año de estudio; en cambio, la edad sí influye: los adolescentes con 16 años o más presentan mayor porcentaje de disfunción familiar en 1997 a 2001 que en el resto de las edades, disminuye en los años 2004 a 2007 (p<0,05; test de la χ2), y es similar en el resto de las edades. Mientras que en 1997 la familia nuclear presenta un mayor número de adolescentes con función familiar normal (p<0,05; test de la χ2), en los restantes años no hay diferencias significativas entre las distintas estructuras familiares.ConclusionesLa percepción de la función familiar en los adolescentes ha cambiado y actualmente no depende del sexo, la edad ni la estructura del hogar. La atención familiar durante la adolescencia debe centrarse en la promoción de una dinámica familiar positiva, independientemente de la estructura familiar(AU)

ObjectivesTo find out the structure and functioning of the family of the adolescent and its changes in the last decade.DesignCross-sectional descriptive study using questionnaires.Setting and populationPupils in obligatory secondary education and high-school in one rural (Granada) and one urban (Jaén) area.Participants and measurementsSelf-administered questionnaire (years 1997–2001–2004–2007) in which details of age, sex, family structure and family-Apgar test were recorded.Measurements and main resultsA total of 1356 adolescents participated, 1271 questionnaires valid (259, 386, 246 and 380 respectively per year). Ages 12–18 years, equality of sexes. The nuclear family structure was predominant (78-84%), followed by single parent family in (7–11%), extended (6–7%) and reconstituted (2%). The family function was mainly normal (70–76%), with 30% dysfunction (slight dysfunction 18–21% and severe dysfunction 5–10%). The structure and family function does not vary by sex or the year of study, it is influenced by age: adolescents ⩾16 years with a higher percentage of family dysfunction in 1997/2001 than the rest of ages, declining in the years 2004/2007 (P <0.05 χ2), similar to other ages. While the nuclear family in 1997 had a greater number of adolescents with normal family function (P <0.05 χ2), in the remaining years there were no significant differences between different family structures.ConclusionsThe perception of family function in adolescents has changed and now does not depend on sex, age and structure. Family care during adolescence should focus on promoting positive family dynamics, regardless of family structure(AU)

[Changes in structure and function of the family of the adolescent in the last decade (1997-2007)]. / Cambios en la estructura y en la función familiar del adolescente en la última década (1997-2007).

OBJECTIVES: To find out the structure and functioning of the family of the adolescent and its changes in the last decade. DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study using questionnaires. SETTING AND POPULATION: Pupils in obligatory secondary education and high-school in one rural (Granada) and one urban (Jaén) area. PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS: Self-administered questionnaire (years 1997-2001-2004-2007) in which details of age, sex, family structure and family-Apgar test were recorded. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 1356 adolescents participated, 1271 questionnaires valid (259, 386, 246 and 380 respectively per year). Ages 12-18 years, equality of sexes. The nuclear family structure was predominant (78-84%), followed by single parent family in (7-11%), extended (6-7%) and reconstituted (2%). The family function was mainly normal (70-76%), with 30% dysfunction (slight dysfunction 18-21% and severe dysfunction 5-10%). The structure and family function does not vary by sex or the year of study, it is influenced by age: adolescents 16 years with a higher percentage of family dysfunction in 1997/2001 than the rest of ages, declining in the years 2004/2007 (P <0.05 chi(2)), similar to other ages. While the nuclear family in 1997 had a greater number of adolescents with normal family function (P <0.05 chi(2)), in the remaining years there were no significant differences between different family structures. CONCLUSIONS: The perception of family function in adolescents has changed and now does not depend on sex, age and structure. Family care during adolescence should focus on promoting positive family dynamics, regardless of family structure.

[Evolution of the consumption of toxic substances among the adolescents of an urban area (1997-2004)]. / Evolución del consumo de sustancias tóxicas en los adolescentes de una zona urbana (1997-2004).

OBJECTIVES: To find the evolution of the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs among adolescents in an urban area. DESIGN: Descriptive, cross-sectional study using a self-administered questionnaire. SETTING: Secondary school (middle-class urban area). PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS: Six hundred and seventy-eight students took part in the years 1997, 2001, and 2004. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The questionnaire included questions on age, sex and consumption of toxic substances. The following figures are given in order of the year of study. We studied 172, 249, and 257 adolescents, with a mean age of 14 (interval, 12-17) and equality of sexes. The proportion of adolescents with no consumption of toxic substances increased (21%+/-3.1%; 34%+/-3.0% 56%+/-3.1%; P<.001, chi2), basically because alcohol consumption dropped (58%+/-3.6%; 61%+/-3.2%; 41%+/-3.1%; P<.001, chi2), although its weekend consumption increased (84%+/-2.6%; 85%+/-2.2%; 96%+/-1.2%; P<.05, chi2), especially of spirits. Tobacco consumption increased (12%+/-2.4%; 21%+/-2.3%; 29%+/-2.4%; P<.001, chi2) with a pattern of daily smoking (9%+/-0.6%; 34%+/-3.2%; 47%+/-3.1%; P<.01, chi2). The consumption of illegal rugs also increased (9%+/-0.6%; 24%+/-2.8%; 16%+/-2.4%; P<.001, chi2), with an intermittent pattern of consumption (87%+/-1.6%; 71%+/-2.3%; 85%+/-1.8). Cannabis is the most used drug (>90%), cocaine use fell and design drug use increased. Age affected consumption, but sex did not. CONCLUSIONS: In the last 8 years the consumption of toxic substances among adolescents has dropped, mainly because of less alcohol consumption. However, new forms of consumption of alcohol and other illegal drugs, especially at weekends, emerged and daily consumption of tobacco increased.

Evolución del consumo de sustancias tóxicas en los adolescentes de una zona urbana (1997-2004) / Evolution of the consumption of toxic substances among the adolescents of an urban area

Objetivos. Conocer la evolución del consumo de alcohol, tabaco y otras drogas entre adolescentes de una zona urbana. Diseño. Descriptivo, transversal, mediante encuesta autoadministrada. Emplazamiento. Instituto de enseñanza secundaria (zona urbana de clase media). Participantes. Un total de 678 alumnos durante los años 1997, 2001 y 2004. Mediciones y resultados principales. Se recogieron datos de la edad, el sexo y el consumo de sustancias tóxicas. Los resultados se exponen según el año de estudio. Se estudian 172, 249 y 257 adolescentes, respectivamente, con mediana de 14 años (intervalo, 12-17 años) e igualdad de sexos. Se incrementa el número de adolescentes que no han consumido ningún tóxico (21 ± 3,1%, 34 ± 3,0%, 56 ± 3,1%; p 90%), disminuye el uso de cocaína y aumentan las drogas de diseño. La edad influye en el consumo, pero no el sexo. Conclusiones. En los últimos 8 años ha disminuido el consumo de tóxicos entre los adolescentes, sobre todo por una menor ingesta de alcohol. Sin embargo, aparecen nuevas formas de consumo de alcohol y otras drogas, sobre todo durante el fin de semana, y se incrementa el consumo diario de tabaco

Objectives. To find the evolution of the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs among adolescents in an urban area. Design. Descriptive, cross-sectional study using a self-administered questionnaire. Setting. Secondary school (middle-class urban area). Participants and measurements. Six hundred and seventy-eight students took part in the years 1997, 2001, and 2004. Measurements and main results. The questionnaire included questions on age, sex and consumption of toxic substances. The following figures are given in order of the year of study. We studied 172, 249, and 257 adolescents, with a mean age of 14 (interval, 12-17) and equality of sexes. The proportion of adolescents with no consumption of toxic substances increased (21%±3.1%; 34%±3.0% 56%±3.1%; P90%), cocaine use fell and design drug use increased. Age affected consumption, but sex did not. Conclusions. In the last 8 years the consumption of toxic substances among adolescents has dropped, mainly because of less alcohol consumption. However, new forms of consumption of alcohol and other illegal drugs, especially at weekends, emerged and daily consumption of tobacco increased

[Family structure and function during adolescence: relationship with social support, tobacco, alcohol and drugs consumption, and psychic discomfort]. / Estructura y funcionalidad de la familia durante la adolescencia: relación con el apoyo social, el consumo de tóxicos y el malestar psíquico.

OBJECTIVES: To find out the family structure and functionality of the family of the adolescent and their relationships with social support, consumption of drugs and alcohol, and psychic discomfort. DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. SETTING AND POPULATION: Pupils in obligatory secondary education in one rural and one urban area. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Self-administered questionnaire in which details of, age, sex, family structure, family Apgar test, Saranson social support questionnaire (SSQ-6), drug and alcohol consumption, and the Goldberg anxiety-depression scale (GADS), were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 386 adolescents participated, and had a mean age of 14.3 years +/-0.3 and with 51+/-2.5. The nuclear family structure was predominant, with 84%+/-1.9%, single parent family in 7%+/-1.3%, extended in 7%+/-1.3%, and binuclear in 2%+/-0.6%, and was not associated with any of the variables studied. The family function was normal in 54.5%+/-2.5%, with slight dysfunction in 38.3%+/-2.5% and severe dysfunction in 7.2%+/-1.3%. The SSQ-6 (satisfaction 4.6+/-0.1; number of supports 3.1+/-0.1) varied according to family function (satisfaction: normal, 4.9+/-0.6; slight dysfunction, 4.4+/-0.5; severe dysfunction, 3.4+/-1.8: P< .01, ANOVA). Severe family dysfunction was associated with a higher consumption of drugs and alcohol: there was 27%+/-6.4% (P< .01, chi2 test) higher alcohol consumption, with a quantitative increase of 4.3+/-0.9 standard drink units/week (P< .001, ANOVA); 32%+/-5.9% (P< .01, chi2 test) more smoking, with an increase in consumption of 4.3+/-1.4 cigarettes/day (P< .001, ANOVA), and the consumption of other illegal drugs increased to 13%+/-4.7% (P< .087, chi2). A high prevalence of psychic discomfort (GADS: anxiety, 92.0%+/-1.4%, depression, 74.1%+/-2.2%); there were more depressive symptoms when the family function was more intense (P< .01, chi2 test). CONCLUSIONS: Structure does not influence family function during adolescence. However, the adolescent perception of the family structure influences social support, the consumption of drugs and alcohol and the presence of depressive symptoms.

Estructura y funcionalidad de la familia durante la adolescencia: relación con el apoyo social, el consumo de tóxicos y el malestar psíquico / Family structure and function during adolescence: relationship with social support, tobacco, alcohol and drugs consumption, and psychic discomfort

Objetivos. Conocer la estructura y la funcionalidad de la familia del adolescente y su relación con el apoyo social, el consumo de tóxicos y el malestar psíquico. Diseño. Estudio descriptivo, transversal. Emplazamiento y población. Alumnos de educación secundaria obligatoria de una zona rural y otra urbana. Material y métodos. Encuesta autoadministrada en la que se recogían la edad, el sexo, la estructura familiar, el test de Apgar familiar, el cuestionario de apoyo social de Saranson (SSQ-6), el consumo de tóxicos y la escala ansiedad-depresión de Goldberg (EADG). Resultados. Participaron 386 adolescentes con una edad media de 14,3 ± 0,3 años y un 51 ± 2,5% varones. La estructura familiar nuclear es predominante, con un 84 ± 1,9%, mononuclear en el 7 ± 1,3%, ampliada en el 7 ± 1,3% y binuclear en el 2 ± 0,6%, y no se relaciona con ninguna variable estudiada. La función familiar es normal en el 54,5 ± 2,5%, con disfunción leve en el 38,3 ± 2,5% y disfunción grave en el 7,2 ± 1,3%. El SSQ-6 (satisfacción 4,6 ± 0,1; número de apoyos 3,1 ± 0,1) varía según la función familiar (satisfacción: normal 4,9 ± 0,6; disfunción leve 4,4 ± 0,5; disfunción grave 3,4 ± 1,8; p < 0,001, ANOVA) (número de apoyos: normal 3,8 ± 0,7, disfunción leve 2,8 ± 1,0; grave 2,4 ± 1,5; p < 0,01, ANOVA). La disfunción familiar grave se relaciona con un mayor consumo de tóxicos: hay un 27 ± 6,4% (p < 0,01, test de la χ2) más consumo de alcohol, con un incremento cuantitativo de 4,3 ± 0,9 unidades de bebida estándar/semana (p < 0,001; ANOVA); un 32 ± 5,9% (p < 0,01 test de la χ2) más tabaquismo, con un aumento del consumo de 4,3 ± 1,4 cigarrillos/día (p < 0,001; ANOVA), y se eleva el consumo de otras drogas no legales un 13 ± 4,7% (p = 0,087, χ2). Observamos una alta prevalencia de malestar psíquico (EADG: ansiedad 92,0 ± 1,4%, depresión 74,1 ± 2,2%); hay más síntomas depresivos cuanto más intensa es la disfunción familiar (p < 0,01, test de la χ2). Conclusiones. La estructura no condiciona la función familiar durante la adolescencia. Sin embargo, la percepción del adolescente de la función familiar influye en el apoyo social, el consumo de tóxicos y la presencia de síntomas depresivos

Objectives. To find out the family structure and functionality of the family of the adolescent and their relationships with social support, consumption of drugs and alcohol, and psychic discomfort. Design. Cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting and population. Pupils in obligatory secondary education in one rural and one urban area. Material and methods. Self-administered questionnaire in which details of, age, sex, family structure, family Apgar test, Saranson social support questionnaire (SSQ-6), drug and alcohol consumption, and the Goldberg anxiety-depression scale (GADS), were recorded. Results. A total of 386 adolescents participated, and had a mean age of 14.3 years ±0.3 and with 51±2.5. The nuclear family structure was predominant, with 84%±1.9%, single parent family in 7%±1.3%, extended in 7%±1.3%, and binuclear in 2%±0.6%, and was not associated with any of the variables studied. The family function was normal in 54.5%±2.5%, with slight dysfunction in 38.3%±2.5% and severe dysfunction in 7.2%±1.3%. The SSQ-6 (satisfaction 4.6±0.1; number of supports 3.1±0.1) varied according to family function (satisfaction: normal, 4.9±0.6; slight dysfunction, 4.4±0.5; severe dysfunction, 3.4±1.8: P<.01, ANOVA). Severe family dysfunction was associated with a higher consumption of drugs and alcohol: there was 27%±6.4% (P<.01, χ2 test) higher alcohol consumption, with a quantitative increase of 4.3±0.9 standard drink units/week (P<.001, ANOVA); 32%±5.9% (P<.01, χ2 test) more smoking, with an increase in consumption of 4.3±1.4 cigarettes/day (P<.001, ANOVA), and the consumption of other illegal drugs increased to 13%±4.7% (P<.087, χ2). A high prevalence of psychic discomfort (GADS: anxiety, 92.0%±1.4%, depression, 74.1%±2.2%); there were more depressive symptoms when the family function was more intense (P<.01, χ2 test). Conclusions. Structure does not influence family function during adolescence. However, the adolescent perception of the family structure influences social support, the consumption of drugs and alcohol and the presence of depressive symptoms