Vascular ultrasound in pediatrics: estimation of depth and diameter of jugular and femoral vessels.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate, on the basis of anthropometric and demographic variables, the depth (Dp) and diameter (Dm) of femoral and jugular vessels, which have been located and measured by ultrasound, in pediatric patients. METHOD: 750 measurements of Dp and Dm of the femoral vein (FV), femoral artery (FA) and internal jugular vein (IJV) were made in 125 pediatric patients. The values were correlated with patients' sex, weight, age, size and body surface area (BSA). RESULTS: Mean Dp values were 0.72 (0.34) cm for FA, 0.79 (0.35) cm for FV and 0.77 (0.24) cm for IJV. Mean antero-posterior Dm values were 0.37 (0.17) cm for FA, 0.42 (0.22) cm for FV and 0.59 (0.23) cm for IJV. In the studied pediatric patients, femoral and jugular vessels depth correlated with age, size, weight and BSA (R = 0.46-0.60); vascular depth could be estimated from patients' weight and size (FA-Dp: R = 0.71; FV-Dp: R = 0.72; IJV-Dp: R = 0.53). Correlation with diameter was better for FA and FV (R = 0.81-0.89) than for IJV (R = 0.42-0.51); vascular diameter could be estimated from patient's size (FA-Dm: R = 0.89; FV-Dm: R = 0.86; IJV-Dm: R = 0.52). CONCLUSIONS: FV, FA and IJV depth and diameter correlated with weight, size, age and body surface area in the studied pediatric patients. Correlation was better for femoral than for jugular vessels. Depth could be estimated from patients' weight and size, while diameter could be estimated from the size. Such estimations may facilitate the choice of vessels to be cannulated, length and diameter of cannulation needles and the diameter of catheters to be used in pediatric patients.

Design and application of model for training ultrasound-guided vascular cannulation in pediatric patients / Diseño y aplicación de un modelo de entrenamiento para la canalización vascular ecoguiada en pacientes pediátricos

Central vascular cannulation is not a risk-free procedure, especially in pediatric patients. Newborn and infants are small and low-weighted, their vascular structures have high mobility because of tissue laxity and their vessels are superficial and with small diameter. These characteristics, together with the natural anatomical variability and poor collaboration of small children, make this technique more difficult to apply. Therefore, ultrasound imaging is increasingly being used to locate vessels and guide vascular access in this population. Objective: (a) To present a model that simulates the vascular system for training ultrasound-guided vascular access in pediatrics patients; (b) to ultrasound-guided vascular cannulation in the model. Results: The model consisted of two components: (a) muscular component: avian muscle, (b) vascular component: elastic tube-like structure filled with fluid. 864 ecoguided punctures was realized in the model at different vessel depth and gauge measures were simulated, for two medical operators with different degree of experience. The average depth and diameter of vessel cannulated were 1.16 (0.42)cm and 0.43 (0.1)cm, respectively. The average number of attempts was of 1.22 (0.62). The percentage of visualization of the needle was 74%. The most frequent maneuver used for the correct location, was the modification of the angle of the needle and the relocation of the guidewire in 24% of the cases. The average time for the correct cannulations was 41 (35.8)s. The more frequent complications were the vascular perforation (11.9%) and the correct vascular puncture without possibility of introducing the guidewire (1.2%). The rate of success was 96%. Conclusions: The model simulates the anatomy (vascular and muscular structures) of a pediatric patient. It is cheap models, easily reproducible and a useful tool for training in ultrasound-guided puncture and cannulation

La canalización vascular central es una técnica no exenta de riesgos sobre todo en la población de los pacientes pediátricos. El tamaño y peso de los pacientes más pequeños (recién nacidos y lactantes), la mayor movilidad de algunas de sus estructuras vasculares, la posición más superficial y diámetros más pequeños de sus vasos, la variabilidad anatómica que pueden presentar, asociado a la poca colaboración que presentan estos pacientes, hace más difícil la realización de esta técnica. A pesar de ello la ecografía está instaurándose para asistir a la realización de la punción vascular en dichos pacientes. Objetivo: a) Diseñar un modelo experimental que permita la simulación vascular, la punción vascular ecodirigida y que sirva como método de aprendizaje y entrenamiento para la canalización ecoguiada de los vasos sanguíneos de los pacientes pediátricos. b) Realizar la punción ecoguiada en el modelo. Resultados: Se presenta un modelo compuesto por una porción muscular aviar a la que se introduce un sistema tubular elástico. Se simulan distintas profundidades del vaso así como diferentes diámetros de los mismos. Se realizaron 864 punciones ecoguiadas en el modelo con diferentes niveles de profundidad y de diámetro vascular por dos operadores con distinto grado de experiencia. La media de profundidad y diámetro de los vasos canalizados fue de 1,6 (0,42) cm y de 0,43 (0,1) cm respectivamente. El número medio de intentos fue de 1,22 (0,62). El porcentaje de visualización de la aguja fue del 74%. La maniobra más frecuentemente utilizada para la correcta canalización fue la recolocación de la aguja y la guía en el 24% de los casos. El tiempo medio hasta la correcta canalización fue de 41 (35,8) segundos. La complicación más frecuente fue la perforación vascular (11,9%) y la adecuada punción sin conseguir la introducción de la guía. La tasa de éxito fue del 96%. Conclusiones: El modelo presentado simula la anatomía (estructuras vasculares y musculares) del paciente pediátrico; es barato, fácilmente reproducible; permite la canalización y el aprendizaje de la técnica de la punción ecoguiada

Design and application of model for training ultrasound-guided vascular cannulation in pediatric patients.

UNLABELLED: Central vascular cannulation is not a risk-free procedure, especially in pediatric patients. Newborn and infants are small and low-weighted, their vascular structures have high mobility because of tissue laxity and their vessels are superficial and with small diameter. These characteristics, together with the natural anatomical variability and poor collaboration of small children, make this technique more difficult to apply. Therefore, ultrasound imaging is increasingly being used to locate vessels and guide vascular access in this population. OBJECTIVE: (a) To present a model that simulates the vascular system for training ultrasound-guided vascular access in pediatrics patients; (b) to ultrasound-guided vascular cannulation in the model. RESULTS: The model consisted of two components: (a) muscular component: avian muscle, (b) vascular component: elastic tube-like structure filled with fluid. 864 ecoguided punctures was realized in the model at different vessel depth and gauge measures were simulated, for two medical operators with different degree of experience. The average depth and diameter of vessel cannulated were 1.16 (0.42)cm and 0.43 (0.1)cm, respectively. The average number of attempts was of 1.22 (0.62). The percentage of visualization of the needle was 74%. The most frequent maneuver used for the correct location, was the modification of the angle of the needle and the relocation of the guidewire in 24% of the cases. The average time for the correct cannulations was 41 (35.8)s. The more frequent complications were the vascular perforation (11.9%) and the correct vascular puncture without possibility of introducing the guidewire (1.2%). The rate of success was 96%. CONCLUSIONS: The model simulates the anatomy (vascular and muscular structures) of a pediatric patient. It is cheap models, easily reproducible and a useful tool for training in ultrasound-guided puncture and cannulation.

Traumatismo craneoencefálico pediátrico grave (I). Epidemiología, clínica y evolución / Severe pediatric head injuries (I). Epidemiology, clinical manifestations and course

Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y evolutivas de los pacientes pediátricos con traumatismo craneoencefálico grave (TCEG).Material y método: Revisión de los pacientes ingresados en una unidad de medicina intensiva pediátrica (UMIP) con TCEG en el periodo comprendido entre julio de 1983 y diciembre de 2009.Resultados: De los 389 pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) ingresados en nuestra unidad durante el periodo de estudio, presentaron TCEG 174 (45%). La media de edad de este grupo fue 67±9 meses, con una puntuación media en la escala de Glasgow (GCS) de 5,5±1,8 y una puntuación PRISM media de 10,7±6,7. La etiología más frecuente de los TCEG fueron los accidentes de tráfico (56%), aunque en la última década existe una disminución significativa de su incidencia (el 58,5 frente al 45,3%; p < 0,001). Un 21% de los pacientes precisaron evacuación de la lesión objetivada en la TC, objetivándose en un 39% lesión encefálica difusa (LED) grave. Un 79% de los pacientes en los que se monitorizó la presión intracraneal (PIC) presentaron hipertensión intracraneal (HTC). Las secuelas de relevancia clínica se objetivaron en 59 pacientes(39%), siendo graves en el 64% de ellos. La mortalidad de la población estudiada fue de un 24,7%. La incidencia de HTC fue significativamente menor en la última década estudiada (el 88 frente al 54%; p < 0,05), con una mejor recuperación clínica (el 23,3 frente al 63,1%; p < 0,001).Conclusiones: a) La incidencia de los accidentes de tráfico disminuyó en la última década en la población estudiada; b) los pacientes con TCEG en los que se monitorizó la PIC presentaron una alta incidencia de HTC, y c) la morbimortalidad de los TCEG pediátricos disminuyó a lo largo del periodo de estudio (AU)

Objective: To describe the epidemiology, clinical manifestations and evolutive characteristics of pediatric patients with severe head injury (SHI).Material and method: A review was made of the patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with SHI between July 1983 and December 2009.Results: Of the 389 patients with head injuries admitted to the PICU during the study period,174 (45%) presented SHI. The mean age in this group was of 67±9 months, with a Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) of 5.5±1.8 and a PRISM score of 10.7±6.7. The most frequent etiology of SHI was traffic accidents (56%), though these have decreased significantly in the last decade(58.5% vs 45.3%; P < .001). Twenty-one percent of the patients required evacuation of the lesions detected by computed tomography (CT), and 39% presented severe diffuse encephalic injury(DEI). Seventy-nine percent of the patients in whom intracranial pressure (ICP) was monitored presented intracranial hypertension. Sequelae of clinical relevance were recorded in 59 patients(39%), and proved serious in 64% of the cases. The mortality rate in this patient series was 24.7%. Intracranial hypertension decreased significantly in the last decade (88% vs 54%; P < .05), and clinical recovery has improved (23.3% vs 63.1%; P < .001).Conclusions: a) The incidence of traffic accidents has decreased in the last decade in the studied population; b) patients with SHI in which ICP was monitored showed a high incidence of intracranial hypertension; c) morbidity-mortality among pediatric patients with SHI has decreased over the course of the study period (AU)

Traumatismo craneoencefálico pediátrico grave (II): factores relacionados con la morbilidad y mortalidad / Severe pediatric head injuries (II): factors associated to morbidity-mortality

Objetivo: Describir los factores asociados a la morbilidad y mortalidad de los pacientes pediatricos con traumatismo craneoencefalico grave (TCEG).Material y método: Revision de los pacientes ingresados en una unidad de medicina intensiva pediatrica (UMIP) con TCEG en el periodo comprendido entre julio de 1983 y diciembre de 2009. Resultados: De los 389 pacientes con TCE ingresados en nuestra unidad durante el periodo de estudio, presentaron TCEG 174 (45%). La edad media de este grupo fue de 67 + 9 meses, con una puntuacion media en la escala de Glasgow (GCS) de 5,5 + 1,8 y una puntuacion PRISM media de 10,6 + 6,7. El 39% de los pacientes presentaron lesion encefalica difusa (LED) grave en laTAC. Un 79% de los pacientes en los que se monitorizo la presion intracraneal (PIC) presentaron hipertension intracraneal (HIC). Estos pacientes tuvieron una mayor incidencia de secuelas graves que aquellos que no desarrollaron HIC (66,7 vs 23,1%; p = 0,01).Las secuelas de relevancia clinica se encontraron en 59 pacientes (34%), y fueron graves en el 64% de los mismos. La mortalidad de los pacientes con TCEG fue de un 25% y se asocio de forma significativa a una menor puntuacion del GCS, a la existencia de hiperglucemia o HIC, a la presencia de midriasis o shock y a la necesidad de ventilacion mecanica. La mortalidad de la LED grave fue significativamente mas elevada que la LED leve-moderada (87,5 vs 7,2%; p < 0,001) y que la lesion focal (87,5 vs 36,1%; p < 0,001). Los factores responsables de la mortalidad de forma independiente en los pacientes pediatricos con TCEG fueron la existencia de midriasis (OR:31,27), HIC (OR: 13,23) e hiperglucemia (OR: 3,10).Conclusiones: a) Los TCEG en edad pediatrica asocian una alta morbilidad y mortalidad; b)la existencia de HIC se asocio al desarrollo de secuelas graves; c) los factores de riesgo de mortalidad de forma independiente fueron la existencia de midriasis, HIC e hiperglucemia (AU)

Objective: To describe the factors associated to morbidity-mortality in pediatric patients with severe head injury (SHI).Material and method: A review was made of the patients admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) with SHI between July 1983 and December 2009.Results: Of the 389 patients with head injuries, 174 (45%) presented SHI. The mean age of these subjects was 67 (9) months, with a Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) of 5.5 (1.8) and a PRISMscore of 10.6 (6.7). Thirty-nine percent of the patients showed diffuse encephalic injury (DEI)in the computed tomography (CT) study. Seventy-nine percent of the patients subjected to intracranial pressure monitoring (ICP) presented intracranial hypertension. These patients had a greater incidence of serious sequelae (66.7 vs. 23.1%; p = 0.01). Sequelae of clinical relevance were recorded in 59 patients (34%), and proved serious in 64% of the cases. The mortality rate among the patients with SHI was 24.7%, and mortality was significantly associated with a lower GCS score, hyperglycemia, intracranial hypertension and the presence of mydriasis or shock. The mortality rate associated to severe DEI was significantly higher than in the case of mild-moderate DEI (87.5 vs. 7.2%; p < 0.001).The independent mortality risk factors in the pediatric patients with SHI were found to be the presence of mydriasis (OR: 31.27), intracranial hypertension (OR: 13.23) and hyperglycemia(OR: 3.10).Conclusions: a) SHI in pediatric patients was associated with high morbidity-mortality; b) intracranial hypertension was associated to the development of serious sequelae; c) independent mortality risk factors were the existence of mydriasis, intracranial hypertension and hyperglycemia (AU)

[Severe pediatric head injuries (II): factors associated to morbidity-mortality]. / Traumatismo craneoencefálico pediátrico grave (II): factores relacionados con la morbilidad y mortalidad.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the factors associated to morbidity-mortality in pediatric patients with severe head injury (SHI). MATERIAL AND METHOD: A review was made of the patients admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) with SHI between July 1983 and December 2009. RESULTS: Of the 389 patients with head injuries, 174 (45%) presented SHI. The mean age of these subjects was 67 (9) months, with a Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) of 5.5 (1.8) and a PRISM score of 10.6 (6.7). Thirty-nine percent of the patients showed diffuse encephalic injury (DEI) in the computed tomography (CT) study. Seventy-nine percent of the patients subjected to intracranial pressure monitoring (ICP) presented intracranial hypertension. These patients had a greater incidence of serious sequelae (66.7 vs. 23.1%; p=0.01). Sequelae of clinical relevance were recorded in 59 patients (34%), and proved serious in 64% of the cases. The mortality rate among the patients with SHI was 24.7%, and mortality was significantly associated with a lower GCS score, hyperglycemia, intracranial hypertension and the presence of mydriasis or shock. The mortality rate associated to severe DEI was significantly higher than in the case of mild-moderate DEI (87.5 vs. 7.2%; p<0.001). The independent mortality risk factors in the pediatric patients with SHI were found to be the presence of mydriasis (OR: 31.27), intracranial hypertension (OR: 13.23) and hyperglycemia (OR: 3.10). CONCLUSIONS: a) SHI in pediatric patients was associated with high morbidity-mortality; b) intracranial hypertension was associated to the development of serious sequelae; c) independent mortality risk factors were the existence of mydriasis, intracranial hypertension and hyperglycemia.

[Severe pediatric head injuries (I). Epidemiology, clinical manifestations and course]. / Traumatismo craneoencefálico pediátrico grave (I). Epidemiología, clínica y evolución.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology, clinical manifestations and evolutive characteristics of pediatric patients with severe head injury (SHI). MATERIAL AND METHOD: A review was made of the patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with SHI between July 1983 and December 2009. RESULTS: Of the 389 patients with head injuries admitted to the PICU during the study period, 174 (45%) presented SHI. The mean age in this group was of 67±9 months, with a Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) of 5.5±1.8 and a PRISM score of 10.7±6.7. The most frequent etiology of SHI was traffic accidents (56%), though these have decreased significantly in the last decade (58.5% vs 45.3%; P<.001). Twenty-one percent of the patients required evacuation of the lesions detected by computed tomography (CT), and 39% presented severe diffuse encephalic injury (DEI). Seventy-nine percent of the patients in whom intracranial pressure (ICP) was monitored presented intracranial hypertension. Sequelae of clinical relevance were recorded in 59 patients (39%), and proved serious in 64% of the cases. The mortality rate in this patient series was 24.7%. Intracranial hypertension decreased significantly in the last decade (88% vs 54%; P<.05), and clinical recovery has improved (23.3% vs 63.1%; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: a) The incidence of traffic accidents has decreased in the last decade in the studied population; b) patients with SHI in which ICP was monitored showed a high incidence of intracranial hypertension; c) morbidity-mortality among pediatric patients with SHI has decreased over the course of the study period.

Edema pulmonar recidivante en paciente con hemorragia intracraneal. A propósito de un caso / Recurrent pulmonary edema in a patient with intracranial bleeding. A case report

No disponible

Rabdomiólisis aguda y fracaso renal asociado a estatus asmático / No disponible

No disponible