RESUMO
Resumen: OBJETIVO: determinar la incidencia, a largo plazo, de hipertensión arterial en mujeres con diagnóstico previo de estados hipertensivos del embarazo e identificar los factores clínicos y bioquímicos gestacionales que incrementan el riesgo posterior de padecer hipertensión. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: estudio de casos y controles anidados en una cohorte. Se estudiaron las pacientes en quienes se estableció el diagnóstico de estados hipertensivos del embarazo entre 2000 y 2010. Grupo 1: mujeres con diagnóstico de estados hipertensivos del embarazo y posterior inicio de hipertensión arterial. Grupo 2: control de mujeres con diagnóstico de estados hipertensivos del embarazo que durante el tiempo de seguimiento no padecieron hipertensión arterial. Para determinar la potencial asociación entre las variables de estudio con la hipertensión arterial posterior se realizaron pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas, y para detectar la relación o interacción entre las diferentes variables se estudiaron sus correlaciones. RESULTADOS: se registraron 121 pacientes con estados hipertensivos del embarazo. La incidencia posterior de hipertensión arterial fue de 41.3%. El tiempo promedio transcurrido hasta el diagnóstico de hipertensión arterial fue de 11.7 años (IC 95%: 10.6-12.9). El único factor de riesgo de hipertensión arterial posterior a la gestación índice fue la multiparidad. Ninguno de los demás parámetros estudiados tuvo significación estadística. CONCLUSIONES: los estados hipertensivos del embarazo son un factor de riesgo para el posterior desarrollo de hipertensión arterial. No es posible determinar, con base en los parámetros clínicos o bioquímicos gestacionales, cuáles presentarán una mayor incidencia de hipertensión futura. Todas las gestantes con esta patología deben ser informadas del riesgo hipertensivo a largo plazo.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of long-term hypertension in women who were previously diagnosed of hypertensive pregnancy states. Secondarily identify clinical and biochemical gestational factors that increase the subsequent risk of hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Study of nested cases and controls in a cohort. Patients were selected who were diagnosed of "hypertensive pregnancy disorders" between 2000 and 2010 and two subgroups were differentiated: Group cases: women diagnosed with "hypertensive pregnancy disorders" and subsequent development of hypertension. - Control group: women with the diagnosis of "hypertensive pregnancy disorders" and who at the time of follow-up did not develop hypertension. The mean time elapsed until the diagnosis of hypertension was 11.79 years (95% CI: 10.6-12.90). Parametric and non-parametric tests were performed to determine the Potential association between the study variables with the later hypertension. In addition, to detect the relationship or interaction between the different variables, their correlations were studied. The influence of the different gestational variables on the subsequent occurrence of arterial hypertension as a function of the time parameter was obtained through the Kaplan Meier survival study and the COX models were applied for the categorical variables. RESULTS: We studied 121 patients diagnosed with "hypertensive pregnancy disorders". The subsequent incidence of hypertension was 41.32%. As a risk factor for posterior hypertension in gestation index, only multiparity was identified. None of the other parameters studied presented statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The hypertensive pregnancy disorders are a risk factor for the subsequent development of hypertension. It is not possible to determine, based on clinical or biochemical gestational parameters, which will present a higher incidence of future hypertension. All pregnant women with this pathology should be informed of the long-term hypertensive risk.
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Objetivo: Determinar si existe una relación entre los niveles plasmáticos de proteína A asociada a la gestación (PAPP-A) expresada en múltiplos de la mediana (MoM) con el retraso de crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU), independientemente de otros parámetros clínicos o ecográficos. Valorar si los valores de PAPP-A son capaces de predecir el riesgo de RCIU. Material y método: Estudio epidemiológico, observacional, analítico, tipo casos y controles, desarrollado entre enero de 2012 y septiembre de 2013 con pacientes del Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense. El tamaño muestral fue de 138 gestantes y sus respectivos recién nacidos. Para la determinación de las diferencias en las PAPP-A entre casos y controles se utilizó la prueba U de Mann-Whitney. Se realizó la representación gráfica mediante modelos GAM con respuesta gaussiana y binaria para conocer el comportamiento de los valores de la PAPP-A con respecto a los pesos de los recién nacidos y el riesgo de presentar un feto con RCIU respectivamente. Los valores de la PAPP-A fueron obtenidos de las muestras extraídas para el cribado combinado del primer trimestre entre la semana 11 + 3 y 13 + 5 de amenorrea. El estudio estadístico se realizó con el paquete SPSS 15.0 y Epidat 3.0. Se consideró significación estadística para una p < 0,05. Resultados: Los valores de PAPP-A expresados en MoM se comportan como un predictor independiente de retraso de crecimiento fetal, sin estar influidos por factores maternos o parámetros ecográficos fetales precoces. Un valor de PAPP-A (MoM) por debajo de 0,33 MoM puede predecir pesos fetales inferiores al percentil 3, para un intervalo de confianza al 95% (0,24-0,56). Un valor de PAPP-A (MoM) inferior a 0,4 MoM tiene un riesgo relativo de RCIU del 2,50; superior, incluso, al que presenta el consumo de tabaco en la gestación (RR: 1,7). Conclusiones: El cribado combinado de cromosomopatías fetales es actualmente una práctica habitual en la mayoría de los hospitales. A partir de los datos que este nos ofrece, es posible seleccionar a un grupo de pacientes con mayor riesgo de alteraciones de la placentación, sin que ello suponga un incremento del gasto sanitario, facilitando la optimización de los recursos materiales y humanos
Objective: To determine if there is a relationship between pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) levels, expressed in multiples of the median (MoM), and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) independently of other clinical or ultrasound parameters. To assess whether PAPP-A values are able to predict the risk of IUGR. Material and method: An epidemiological, observational, analytical, case-control study was conducted between January 2012 and September 2013 in patients attending the University Hospital Complex of Ourense. The sample consisted of 138 pregnant women and their respective newborns. Differences in PAPP-A between cases and controls were determined by the Mann-Whitney U test. Graphs were plotted using GAM models with Gaussian and binary response to determine the behavior of PAPP-A values with respect to birthweight and the risk of intrauterine growth restriction, respectively. PAPP-A values were obtained from samples taken for combined first trimester screening at weeks 11 + 3 and 13 + 5 of amenorrhea. The statistical analysis was conducted with the statistical package SPSS 15.0 and Epidat 3.0. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. Results: PAPP-A values, expressed as MoM, behaved as an independent predictor of IUGR, without being influenced by maternal factors or early fetal ultrasound parameters. A PAPP-A value (MoM) below 0.33 MoM predicted fetal weights below the 3rd percentile for a 95% confidence interval (0.24-0.56). A PAPP-A value (MoM) of less than 0.4 MoM had a relative risk of IUGR of 2.50, which was even higher than that posed by smoking during pregnancy (RR: 1,7). Conclusion: Combined screening of fetal chromosomal abnormalities is currently routine practice in most hospitals. The data provided by this screening can be used to select a group of patients at increased risk of alterations of placentation, without increasing health costs, thus facilitating the optimization of material and human resources
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/diagnóstico , Triagem Neonatal/métodos , Proteínas da Gravidez/análise , Primeiro Trimestre da Gravidez , Testes para Triagem do Soro Materno/métodos , Biomarcadores/análise , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal/métodos , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal/métodos , Estudos de Casos e ControlesRESUMO
Background: The 8 to 10% of pregnancies are affected with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. They are the most common obstetric complication and present significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality; but also these diseases go beyond pregnancy and determine a group of women with increased cardiovascular risk in your life futura. Cardiovascular disease remains the main cause of death in the Western world and women with a history of pregnancy hypertensive disease, are at increased risk of cardiovascular complications afterwards. Therefore, pregnancy is a unique physiological situation provides an opportunity to identify a group of women who will present cardiovascular risk factors later in life. Objetive: To determine the long-term cardiovascular risk factors (chronic hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome) and thyroid dysfunction incidence in women who have previously been diagnosed with "hypertensive disorders of pregnancy". Material and methods: Case-control study with retrospective collection of information from women whose pregnancy and childbirth occurred between 2000 and 2010. Case: Patients with a diagnosis of "hypertensive diseases of pregnancy" (N = 134). Control: random sample of pregnant women who were not diagnosed with hypertensive state of pregnancy and whose gestation was spent in 2000 (n = 145). The mean follow-up of both groups was 10,78 years. We have applied parametric test (T-Student for independent samples), and for those variables that did not meet that condition, we have applied the U of Mann-Whitney test. The Chi-square test was used to compare qualitative variables and Fisher's exact test. For comparison between groups, model univariate logistic regression was performed. Results: The incidence of hypertension was 41,32% in patients with a history of hypertensive pregnancy disease, with a relative risk (RR) was 9,15. The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 5,17%. Dyslipidemia was diagnosed after at 43,53% with a RR of 3,7. Metabolic syndrome reached 16,83% in the cases population with a RR of 2,63. The incidence of hypothyroidism was 8,11%. Conclusion: Patients who were diagnosed with "hypertensive state of pregnancy" are a group of women at increased risk of developing cardiovascular risk factors later in life.
