When success means focusing on the oxygen delivery. A case of conventional management of severe hypoxemia in SARS-CoV-2 / Cuando el tratamiento adecuado consiste en evaluar el aporte de oxígeno. Manejo convencional de la hipoxemia severa en un paciente con SARS-CoV-2

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Prevention of acute kidney injury in Intensive Care Units / Prevención de la lesión renal aguda en las unidades de cuidados intensivos

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a growing concern in Intensive Care Units. The advanced age of our patients, with the increase in associated morbidity and the complexity of the treatments provided favor the development of AKI. Since no effective treatment for AKI is available, all efforts are aimed at prevention and early detection of the disorder in order to establish secondary preventive measures to impede AKI progression. In critical patients, the most frequent causes are sepsis and situations that result in renal hypoperfusion; preventive measures are therefore directed at securing hydration and correct hemodynamics through fluid perfusion and the use of inotropic or vasoactive drugs, according to the underlying disease condition. Apart from these circumstances, a number of situations could lead to AKI, related to the administration of nephrotoxic drugs, intra-tubular deposits, the administration of iodinated contrast media, liver failure and major surgery (mainly heart surgery). In these cases, in addition to hydration, there are other specific preventive measures adapted to each condition

La lesión renal aguda (LRA) constituye un problema de importancia creciente en las unidades de cuidados intensivos. La mayor edad de nuestros pacientes, con el aumento de la morbilidad asociada, y la complejidad de los tratamientos realizados favorecen su desarrollo. Puesto que la LRA carece de tratamiento eficaz, todos los esfuerzos se dirigen a la prevención y a su detección precoz con el fin de establecer medidas de prevención secundaria que impidan su progresión. En el paciente crítico, las causas más frecuentemente implicadas son la sepsis y las situaciones que provocan hipoperfusión renal, por lo que las medidas preventivas irán encaminadas a mantener un estado de hidratación y hemodinámico correcto mediante perfusión de fluidos y el uso de fármacos inotrópicos o vasoactivos en función de la enfermedad subyacente. Además de estas circunstancias, existen distintas situaciones que pueden favorecer la LRA, relacionadas con la administración de fármacos nefrotóxicos, los depósitos intratubulares, la administración de contrastes iodados, el fallo hepático y la cirugía mayor, fundamentalmente cirugía cardiaca. En estos casos, además de la hidratación, se dispone de otros aspectos preventivos específicos de cada entidad

Prevention of acute kidney injury in Intensive Care Units.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a growing concern in Intensive Care Units. The advanced age of our patients, with the increase in associated morbidity and the complexity of the treatments provided favor the development of AKI. Since no effective treatment for AKI is available, all efforts are aimed at prevention and early detection of the disorder in order to establish secondary preventive measures to impede AKI progression. In critical patients, the most frequent causes are sepsis and situations that result in renal hypoperfusion; preventive measures are therefore directed at securing hydration and correct hemodynamics through fluid perfusion and the use of inotropic or vasoactive drugs, according to the underlying disease condition. Apart from these circumstances, a number of situations could lead to AKI, related to the administration of nephrotoxic drugs, intra-tubular deposits, the administration of iodinated contrast media, liver failure and major surgery (mainly heart surgery). In these cases, in addition to hydration, there are other specific preventive measures adapted to each condition.

Blood purification in the critically ill patient. Prescription tailored to the indication (including the pediatric patient) / Depuración de la sangre en el enfermo crítico. Prescripción adaptada a la indicación (incluido el paciente pediátrico)

We maintain a dynamic position on extracorporeal blood purification therapies (EBPT). Continuous therapies are of choice in the hemodynamically unstable patient. We recommend their early introduction in the course of the disease, and starting with a dose of 30-35mL/kg/h. Above all, however, daily re-evaluation is required of the hemodynamic and metabolic situation and water balance of our patients in order to allow dynamic dose adjustment. Some data suggest that continuous EBPT can favorably influence the clinical course of our patients, even in the absence of acute kidney injury. The potential usefulness of hemofiltration at doses higher than the conventional doses (continuous ultrafiltration >50mL/kg/h or pulses of at least 4h a day to more than 100dosesmL/kg/h) for achieving blood purification has also been commented. We review the possible indications of this technique, together with the peculiarities of implementing these therapies in children

Creemos que las técnicas de depuración extracorpórea deben seguir un planteamiento dinámico. Las técnicas continuas son de elección en los pacientes hemodinámicamente inestables. Recomendamos un inicio precoz en el curso de la enfermedad y comenzar con una dosis de 30-35ml/kg/h. Pero, sobre todo, deberemos hacer una reevaluación diaria de la situación del paciente (hemodinámica, metabólica y del estado hidroelectrolítico) para ajustar la dosis de forma dinámica. Algunos datos evidencian que las técnicas de depuración extracorpórea continuas pueden influir favorablemente en la evolución del paciente crítico, independientemente de su función renal. Se comenta también la potencial utilidad de usar dosis de depuración superiores a las convencionales (hemofiltración superior a 50ml/kg/h o pulsos de al menos 4h diarias de más de 100ml/kg/h). Revisamos, asimismo, otras posibles indicaciones de las técnicas de depuración extracorpórea, así como las peculiaridades de su aplicación en pediatría

Acute kidney injury: Renal disease in the ICU / Lesión renal aguda: nefropatía en la UCI

Acute kidney injury (AKI) in the ICU frequently requires costly supportive therapies, has high morbidity, and its long-term prognosis is not as good as it has been presumed so far. Consequently, AKI generates a significant burden for the healthcare system. The problem is that AKI lacks an effective treatment and the best approach relies on early secondary prevention. Therefore, to facilitate early diagnosis, a broader definition of AKI should be established, and a marker with more sensitivity and early-detection capacity than serum creatinine - the most common marker of AKI - should be identified. Fortunately, new classification systems (RIFLE, AKIN or KDIGO) have been developed to solve these problems, and the discovery of new biomarkers for kidney injury will hopefully change the way we approach renal patients. As a first step, the concept of renal failure has changed from being a ‘static’ disease to being a ‘dynamic process’ that requires continuous evaluation of kidney function adapted to the reality of the ICU patient

El tratamiento de lesiones renales agudas (LRA) en la UCI requiere habitualmente procedimientos complementarios costosos, se asocia a una elevada morbilidad y su pronóstico a largo plazo no es tan bueno como se creía hasta ahora. En consecuencia, las LRA ocasionan una importante carga para el sistema sanitario. El problema es que no existe un tratamiento eficaz para las LRA y el mejor enfoque se basa en la prevención secundaria precoz. Por consiguiente, para facilitar el diagnóstico precoz, es necesario establecer una definición más amplia de la LRA así como identificar un marcador con mayor sensibilidad y capacidad de diagnóstico precoz que la creatinina sérica (el marcador más habitual de LRA en la actualidad). Afortunadamente, se han desarrollado nuevos sistemas de clasificación (RIFLE, AKIN o KDIGO) para solucionar este problema y se espera que el descubrimiento de nuevos biomarcadores de lesión renal cambie la forma en que abordamos el tratamiento de los pacientes con nefropatía. Como primer paso, el concepto de insuficiencia renal ha pasado de considerarse una enfermedad «estática» a un «proceso dinámico» que requiere una evaluación continua de la función renal adaptada a la realidad del paciente en la UCI

Blood purification in the critically ill patient. Prescription tailored to the indication (including the pediatric patient).

We maintain a dynamic position on extracorporeal blood purification therapies (EBPT). Continuous therapies are of choice in the hemodynamically unstable patient. We recommend their early introduction in the course of the disease, and starting with a dose of 30-35mL/kg/h. Above all, however, daily re-evaluation is required of the hemodynamic and metabolic situation and water balance of our patients in order to allow dynamic dose adjustment. Some data suggest that continuous EBPT can favorably influence the clinical course of our patients, even in the absence of acute kidney injury. The potential usefulness of hemofiltration at doses higher than the conventional doses (continuous ultrafiltration >50mL/kg/h or pulses of at least 4h a day to more than 100dosesmL/kg/h) for achieving blood purification has also been commented. We review the possible indications of this technique, together with the peculiarities of implementing these therapies in children.

Acute kidney injury: Renal disease in the ICU.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) in the ICU frequently requires costly supportive therapies, has high morbidity, and its long-term prognosis is not as good as it has been presumed so far. Consequently, AKI generates a significant burden for the healthcare system. The problem is that AKI lacks an effective treatment and the best approach relies on early secondary prevention. Therefore, to facilitate early diagnosis, a broader definition of AKI should be established, and a marker with more sensitivity and early-detection capacity than serum creatinine - the most common marker of AKI - should be identified. Fortunately, new classification systems (RIFLE, AKIN or KDIGO) have been developed to solve these problems, and the discovery of new biomarkers for kidney injury will hopefully change the way we approach renal patients. As a first step, the concept of renal failure has changed from being a "static" disease to being a "dynamic process" that requires continuous evaluation of kidney function adapted to the reality of the ICU patient.

[Renal infarction and kidney rupture: complication of a massive cocaine intoxication in an intestinal carrier]. / Infarto y rotura renales: complicación de intoxicación masiva por cocaína en un portador intestinal.

Major complications derived from the use of cocaine have been described, alter nasal or intravenous administration of the drug. These complications are related to vascular spasm and secondary organ damage. We present the case of an intestinal cocaine packer--in slang, "mule"--, who suffered massive absorption of the drug, resulting n bowel, liver and renal ischemia. This situation, previously undescribe in the literature, ended in kidney rupture. An attempt of embolization, was unsatisfactory, and nephrectomy was finally required. The patient recovered uneventfully, with progressive renal functional improvement. This case, albeit quite exceptional, is illustrative of several of the renal actions of cocaine, and reveals the effects of absorption of cocaine at the intestinal level.

Infarto y rotura renales: complicación de intoxicación masiva por cocaína en un portador intestinal / Renal infarction and kidney rupture: complication of a massive cocaine intoxication in an intestinal carrier

Las complicaciones derivadas del uso de la cocaína se han descrito casi exclusivamente tras la administración por vía intranasal o intravenosa, y se relacionan con cuadros de espasmo vascular y daño de órganos secundario al mismo. Se presenta el caso de un portador intestinal de cocaína -coloquialmente, «bolero » o «mula», que sufre absorción de la droga con resultado de isquemia intestinal, hepática y renal. Esta situación, previamente no descrita en la literatura, cursó con rotura del riñón y hemorragia masiva intraabdominal. Tras un intento de embolización, sin resultado satisfactorio, se realizó una nefrectomía. El paciente recuperó función renal dentro de los límites predecibles. Este caso, aunque producto de una situación excepcional, ilustra varias de las acciones renales de la cocaína y revela los efectos de su absorción a nivel intestinal

Major complications derived from the use of cocaine have been described, alter nasal or intravenous administration of the drug. These complications are related to vascular spasm and secondary organ damage. We present the case of an intestinal cocaine packer -in slang, «mule»-, who suffered massive absorption of the drug, resulting in bowel, liver and renal ischemia. This situation, previously undescribe in the literature, ended in kidney rupture. An attempt of embolization, was unsatisfactory, and nephrectomy was finally required. The patient recovered uneventfully, with progressive renal functional improvement. This case, albeit quite exceptional, is illustrative of several of the renal actions of cocaine, and reveals the effects of absortion of cocaine at the intestinal level